Microbiology

OpenStax

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0.1 About openstax

0.2 About openstax resources

0.3 Customization

0.6 About Microbiology

0.7 Coverage and scope

0.8 American society of microbiology (asm) partnership

0.10 Asm recommended curriculum guidelines for undergraduate microbiology

0.11 Openstax Microbiology Correlation to asm recommended curriculum guidelines

0.12 Engaging feature boxes

0.13 Comprehensive art program

0.14 Materials that reinforce key concepts

0.15 Additional resources

0.16 Student and instructor resources

0.17 Partner resources

0.18 About the authors

0.19 Senior contributing authors

0.20 Contributing authors

1 Fundamentals of physics and chemistry important to microbiology

2 Mathematical basics

3 Metabolic pathways

4 Taxonomy of clinically relevant microorganisms

4.1 Bacterial pathogens

4.2 Viral pathogens

4.3 Fungal pathogens

4.4 Protozoan pathogens

4.5 Parasitic helminths

An invisible world

1 What our ancestors knew

2 A systematic approach

3 Types of microorganisms

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Prokaryotic microorganisms

3.3 Eukaryotic microorganisms

3.8 Microbiology as a field of study

3.9 Fill in the blank

3.10 Short answer

How we see the invisible world

1 The properties of light

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Interactions of light

1.3 Lenses and refraction

1.4 Electromagnetic spectrum and color

1.5 Magnification, resolution, and contrast

1.6 Key concepts and summary

1.7 Fill in the blank

1.8 Short answer

2 Peering into the invisible world

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Early microscopes

2.3 Key concepts and summary

2.4 Fill in the blank

2.5 Short answer

3 Instruments of microscopy

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Light microscopy

3.3 Brightfield microscopes

3.4 Darkfield microscopy

3.5 Phase-contrast microscopes

3.6 Differential interference contrast microscopes

3.7 Fluorescence microscopes

3.8 Confocal microscopes

3.9 Two-photon microscopes

3.10 Electron microscopy

3.11 Scanning probe microscopy

3.12 Key concepts and summary

3.13 Fill in the blank

3.14 Short answer

4 Staining microscopic specimens

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Preparing specimens for light microscopy

4.3 Gram staining

4.4 Acid-fast stains

4.5 Capsule staining

4.6 Endospore staining

4.7 Flagella staining

4.8 Preparing specimens for electron microscopy

4.9 Preparation and staining for other microscopes

4.10 Key concepts and summary

4.11 Fill in the blank

4.12 Short answer

1 Spontaneous generation

2 Foundations of modern cell theory

3 Unique characteristics of prokaryotic cells

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Common cell morphologies and arrangements

3.3 The nucleoid

3.8 Plasma membrane

3.9 Membrane transport mechanisms

3.10 Photosynthetic membrane structures

3.12 Glycocalyces and s-layers

3.13 Filamentous appendages

3.14 Fimbriae and pili

3.16 Key concepts and summary

3.17 True/false

3.18 Fill in the blank

3.19 Short answer

4 Unique characteristics of eukaryotic cells

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Cell morphologies

4.6 Endomembrane system

4.7 Endoplasmic reticulum

4.8 Golgi apparatus

4.10 Peroxisomes

4.11 Cytoskeleton

4.12 Mitochondria

4.13 Chloroplasts

4.14 Plasma membrane

4.15 Membrane transport mechanisms

4.17 Extracellular matrix

4.18 Flagella and cilia

4.19 Key concepts and summary

4.20 True/false

4.21 Fill in the blank

4.22 Short answer

Prokaryotic diversity

1 Prokaryote habitats, relationships, and microbiomes

2 Proteobacteria

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Alphaproteobacteria

2.3 Betaproteobacteria

2.4 Gammaproteobacteria

2.5 Deltaproteobacteria

2.6 Epsilonproteobacteria

2.7 Key concepts and summary

2.8 Fill in the blank

2.9 Short answer

3 Nonproteobacteria gram-negative bacteria and phototrophic bacteria

4 Gram-positive bacteria

5 Deeply branching bacteria

6.1 Learning objectives

6.2 Crenarchaeota

6.3 Euryarchaeota

6.4 Key concepts and summary

6.5 Fill in the blank

6.6 Short answer

The eukaryotes of microbiology

1 Unicellular eukaryotic parasites

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Characteristics of protists

1.3 Taxonomy of protists

1.5 Chromalveolata

1.7 Key concepts and summary

1.8 Fill in the blank

1.9 Short answer

2 Parasitic helminths

Acellular pathogens

2 The viral life cycle

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 The life cycle of viruses with prokaryote hosts

2.3 The lytic cycle

2.4 The lysogenic cycle

2.5 Transduction

2.6 Life cycle of viruses with animal hosts

2.7 Persistent infections

2.8 Latent infection

2.9 Chronic infection

2.10 Life cycle of viruses with plant hosts

2.11 Viral growth curve

2.12 Key concepts and summary

2.13 Fill in the blank

2.14 Short answer

3 Isolation, culture, and identification of viruses

4 Viroids, virusoids, and prions

4.1 Learning objectives

4.5 Key concepts and summary

4.6 Fill in the blank

4.7 Short answer

Microbial biochemistry

1 Organic molecules

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Elements in living cells

1.3 Organic molecules and isomerism

1.4 Biologically significant functional groups

1.5 Macromolecules

1.6 Key concepts and summary

1.8 Short answer

2 Carbohydrates

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Monosaccharides: the sweet ones

2.3 Disaccharides

2.4 Polysaccharides

2.5 Key concepts and summary

2.7 Short answer

5 Using biochemistry to identify microorganisms

Microbial metabolism

1 Energy, matter, and enzymes

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Classification by carbon and energy source

1.3 Oxidation and reduction in metabolism

1.4 Energy carriers: nad + , nadp + , fad, and atp

1.5 Enzyme structure and function

1.6 Enzyme inhibitors

1.7 Key concepts and summary

1.8 Fill in the blank

1.10 Short answer

2 Catabolism of carbohydrates

2.1 Learning objectives

2.3 Other glycolytic pathways

2.4 Transition reaction, coenzyme a, and the krebs cycle

2.5 Key concepts and summary

2.7 Fill in the blank

2.8 Short answer

3 Cellular respiration

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Electron transport system

3.3 Chemiosmosis, proton motive force, and oxidative phosphorylation

3.4 Key concepts and summary

3.5 Fill in the blank

3.7 Short answer

5 Catabolism of lipids and proteins

6 Photosynthesis

7 Biogeochemical cycles

Microbial growth

1 How microbes grow

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Binary fission

1.3 Generation time

1.4 The growth curve

1.5 The lag phase

1.6 The log phase

1.7 Stationary phase

1.8 The death phase

1.9 Sustaining microbial growth

1.10 Measurement of bacterial growth

1.11 Direct cell count

1.12 Plate count

1.13 Serial dilution

1.14 The most probable number

1.15 Indirect cell counts

1.16 Alternative patterns of cell division

1.18 Biofilm structure

1.19 Biofilm formation

1.20 Biofilms and human health

1.21 Key concepts and summary

1.22 Fill in the blank

1.24 Short answer

2 Oxygen requirements for microbial growth

3 The effects of ph on microbial growth

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Key concepts and summary

3.3 Fill in the blank

3.4 Short answer

4 Temperature and microbial growth

5 Other environmental conditions that affect growth

5.1 Learning objectives

5.2 Osmotic and barometric pressure

5.4 Key concepts and summary

5.5 Fill in the blank

5.6 Short answer

6 Media used for bacterial growth

Biochemistry of the genome

1 Using microbiology to discover the secrets of life

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Discovery and characterization of dna

1.3 Foundations of genetics

1.4 Mendel’s pea plants

1.5 The chromosomal theory of inheritance

1.6 Microbes and viruses in genetic research

1.7 Dna as the molecule responsible for heredity

1.8 Griffith’s transformation experiments

1.9 Hershey and chase’s proof of dna as genetic material

1.10 Key concepts and summary

1.11 Fill in the blank

1.12 Short answer

2 Structure and function of dna

3 Structure and function of rna

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Rna structure

3.3 Functions of rna in protein synthesis

3.4 Rna as hereditary information

3.5 Key concepts and summary

3.8 Short answer

4 Structure and function of cellular genomes

Mechanisms of microbial genetics

1 The functions of genetic material

2 Dna replication

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Dna replication in bacteria

2.5 Termination

2.6 Dna replication in eukaryotes

2.7 Dna replication of extrachromosomal elements: plasmids and viruses

2.8 Rolling circle replication

2.9 Key concepts and summary

2.10 Fill in the blank

2.11 True/false

2.12 Short answer

3 Rna transcription

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Transcription in bacteria

3.5 Termination

3.6 Transcription in eukaryotes

3.7 Key concepts and summary

3.8 Fill in the blank

3.9 Short answer

4 Protein synthesis (translation)

6 How asexual prokaryotes achieve genetic diversity

6.1 Learning objectives

6.2 Transformation

6.3 Transduction

6.4 Conjugation

6.5 Conjugation of the f plasmid

6.6 Conjugation of f’ and hfr cells

6.7 Consequences and applications of conjugation

6.8 Transposition

6.9 Key concepts and summary

6.10 Fill in the blank

6.11 True/false

6.12 Short answer

7 Gene regulation: operon theory

7.1 Learning objectives

7.2 Prokaryotic gene regulation

7.3 Regulation by repression

7.4 The trp Operon: a repressible operon

7.5 The lac Operon: an inducible operon

7.6 The lac Operon: activation by catabolite activator protein

7.7 Global responses of prokaryotes

7.9 Alternate σ factors

7.10 Additional methods of regulation in bacteria: attenuation and riboswitches

7.11 Other factors affecting gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

7.12 Dna-level control

7.13 Key concepts and summary

7.14 Fill in the blank

7.15 Short answer

Modern applications of microbial genetics

1 Microbes and the tools of genetic engineering

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Molecular cloning

1.3 Restriction enzymes and ligases

1.5 Molecular cloning using transformation

1.6 Molecular cloning using conjugation or transduction

1.7 Creating a genomic library

1.8 Introducing recombinant molecules into eukaryotic hosts

1.9 Electroporation

1.10 Microinjection

1.12 Shuttle vectors

1.13 Viral vectors

1.14 Key concepts and summary

1.15 True/false

1.16 Fill in the blank

1.17 Short answer

2 Visualizing and characterizing dna, rna, and protein

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Molecular analysis of dna

2.3 Nucleic acid probing

2.4 Agarose gel electrophoresis

2.5 Restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis

2.6 Southern blots and modifications

2.7 Microarray analysis

2.8 Molecular analysis of proteins

2.9 Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

2.10 Amplification-based dna analysis methods

2.11 Polymerase chain reaction (pcr)

2.12 Pcr variations

2.13 Dna sequencing

2.14 Key concepts and summary

2.15 Fill in the blank

2.16 True/false

2.17 Short answer

3 Whole genome methods and pharmaceutical applications of genetic engineering

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics

3.3 Recombinant dna technology and pharmaceutical production

3.4 Rna interference technology

3.5 Key concepts and summary

3.6 Fill in the blank

3.8 Short answer

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Mechanisms and risks of gene therapy

4.3 Oversight of gene therapy

4.4 Ethical concerns

4.5 Key concepts and summary

4.6 Fill in the blank

4.7 Short answer

Control of microbial growth

1 Controlling microbial growth

2 Using physical methods to control microorganisms

2.1 Learning objectives

2.4 Pasteurization

2.5 Refrigeration and freezing

2.7 Desiccation

2.10 Filtration

2.11 Biological safety cabinets

2.12 Filtration in hospitals

2.13 Membrane filters

2.14 Key concepts and summary

2.15 Fill in the blank

2.16 True/false

2.17 Short answer

3 Using chemicals to control microorganisms

3.1 Learning objectives

3.3 Heavy metals

3.6 Copper, nickel, and zinc

3.9 Surfactants

3.10 Bisbiguanides

3.11 Alkylating agents

3.12 Peroxygens

3.13 Supercritical fluids

3.14 Chemical food preservatives

3.15 Natural chemical food preservatives

3.16 Key concepts and summary

3.17 Fill in the blank

3.18 True/false

3.19 Short answer

4 Testing the effectiveness of antiseptics and disinfectants

Antimicrobial drugs

1 History of chemotherapy and antimicrobial discovery

2 Fundamentals of antimicrobial chemotherapy

3 Mechanisms of antibacterial drugs

3.1 Learning objective

3.2 Inhibitors of cell wall biosynthesis

3.3 Inhibitors of protein biosynthesis

3.4 Protein synthesis inhibitors that bind the 30s subunit

3.5 Protein synthesis inhibitors that bind the 50s subunit

3.6 Inhibitors of membrane function

3.7 Inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis

3.8 Inhibitors of metabolic pathways

3.9 Inhibitor of atp synthase

3.10 Key concepts and summary

3.11 Fill in the blank

3.12 True/false

3.13 Short answer

4 Mechanisms of other antimicrobial drugs

4.1 Learning objective

4.2 Antifungal drugs

4.3 Antiprotozoan drugs

4.4 Antihelminthic drugs

4.5 Antiviral drugs

4.6 Key concepts and summary

4.7 Fill in the blank

4.9 Short answer

5 Drug resistance

5.1 Learning objectives

5.2 Mechanisms for drug resistance

5.3 Drug modification or inactivation

5.4 Prevention of cellular uptake or efflux

5.5 Target modification

5.6 Target overproduction or enzymatic bypass

5.7 Target mimicry

5.8 Multidrug-resistant microbes and cross resistance

5.9 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (mrsa)

5.10 Vancomycin-resistant enterococci and Staphylococcus aureus

5.11 Extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing gram-negative pathogens

5.12 Carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria

5.13 Multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis

5.14 Key concepts and summary

5.15 Fill in the blank

5.16 Short answer

6 Testing the effectiveness of antimicrobials

7 Current strategies for antimicrobial discovery

7.1 Learning objectives

7.2 Key concepts and summary

Microbial mechanisms of pathogenicity

1 Characteristics of infectious disease

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Signs and symptoms of disease

1.3 Classifications of disease

1.4 Periods of disease

1.5 Acute and chronic diseases

1.6 Key concepts and summary

1.7 Fill in the blank

1.8 Short answer

2 How pathogens cause disease

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Koch’s postulates

2.3 Molecular koch’s postulates

2.4 Pathogenicity and virulence

2.5 Primary pathogens versus opportunistic pathogens

2.6 Stages of pathogenesis

2.11 Transmission of disease

2.12 Key concepts and summary

2.13 Fill in the blank

3 Virulence factors of bacterial and viral pathogens

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Virulence factors for adhesion

3.3 Bacterial exoenzymes and toxins as virulence factors

3.6 Virulence factors for survival in the host and immune evasion

3.7 Viral virulence

3.8 Viral adhesins

3.9 Antigenic variation in viruses

3.10 Key concepts and summary

3.11 Fill in the blank

4 Virulence factors of eukaryotic pathogens

Disease and epidemiology

1 The language of epidemiologists

2 Tracking infectious diseases

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Pioneers of epidemiology

2.3 Types of epidemiological studies

2.4 Observational studies

2.5 Experimental studies

2.6 Key concepts and summary

2.8 Fill in the blank

2.9 Short answer

3 Modes of disease transmission

4 Global public health

Innate nonspecific host defenses

1 Physical defenses

2 Chemical defenses

3 Cellular defenses

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Hematopoiesis

3.3 Granulocytes

3.4 Neutrophils (pmns)

3.5 Eosinophils

3.8 Agranulocytes

3.9 Natural killer cells

3.11 Key concepts and summary

3.13 Fill in the blank

3.14 Short answer

4 Pathogen recognition and phagocytosis

5 Inflammation and fever

5.1 Learning objectives

5.2 Acute inflammation

5.3 Chronic inflammation

5.5 Key concepts and summary

5.6 Fill in the blank

5.7 Short answer

Adaptive specific host defenses

1 Overview of specific adaptive immunity

1.1 Learning objectives

1.4 Antibody classes

1.5 Antigen-antibody interactions

1.6 Key concepts and summary

1.8 Fill in the blank

1.9 Short answer

2 Major histocompatibility complexes and antigen-presenting cells

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Major histocompatibility complex molecules

2.3 Antigen-presenting cells (apcs)

2.4 Antigen presentation with mhc ii molecules

2.5 Antigen presentation with mhc i molecules

2.6 Key concepts and summary

2.7 Fill in the blank

3 T lymphocytes and cellular immunity

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 T cell production and maturation

3.3 Classes of t cells

3.4 T-cell receptors

3.5 Activation and differentiation of helper t cells

3.6 Activation and differentiation of cytotoxic t cells

3.7 Superantigens and unregulated activation of t cells

3.8 Key concepts and summary

3.9 Fill in the blank

3.10 Short answer

4 B lymphocytes and humoral immunity

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 B cell production and maturation

4.3 B-cell receptors

4.4 T cell-independent activation of b cells

4.5 T cell-dependent activation of b cells

4.6 Primary and secondary responses

4.7 Key concepts and summary

4.8 Fill in the blank

Diseases of the immune system

1 Hypersensitivities

2 Autoimmune disorders

3 Organ transplantation and rejection

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Transplant rejection

3.3 Graft-versus-host disease

3.4 The future of transplantation

3.5 Key concepts and summary

3.7 Fill in the blank

3.8 Short answer

4 Immunodeficiency

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Primary immunodeficiency

4.3 Chronic granulomatous disease

4.4 X-linked agammaglobulinemia

4.5 Selective iga deficiency

4.6 Severe combined immunodeficiency

4.7 Secondary immunodeficiency

4.8 Key concepts and summary

4.9 Fill in the blank

4.10 Short answer

5 Cancer immunobiology and immunotherapy

Laboratory analysis of the immune response

1 Polyclonal and monoclonal antibody production

2 Detecting antigen-antibody complexes

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Precipitin reactions

2.3 Precipitin ring test

2.4 Ouchterlony assay

2.5 Radial immunodiffusion assay

2.6 Flocculation assays

2.7 Neutralization assay

2.8 Immunoelectrophoresis

2.9 Immunoblot assay: the western blot

2.10 Complement-mediated immunoassay

2.11 Key concepts and summary

2.12 Fill in the blank

2.13 Short answer

3 Agglutination assays

4 Eias and elisas

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Immunostaining

4.3 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas)

4.4 Immunofiltration and immunochromatographic assays

4.5 Key concepts and summary

4.6 Fill in the blank

4.7 Short answer

5 Fluorescent antibody techniques

5.1 Learning objectives

5.2 Direct fluorescent antibody techniques

5.3 Indirect fluorescent antibody techniques

5.4 Flow cytometry

5.5 Cell sorting using immunofluorescence

5.6 Key concepts and summary

5.7 Fill in the blank

Skin and eye infections

1 Anatomy and normal microbiota of the skin and eyes

2 Bacterial infections of the skin and eyes

3 Viral infections of the skin and eyes

4 Mycoses of the skin

5 Protozoan and helminthic infections of the skin and eyes

5.1 Learning objectives

5.2 Acanthamoeba Infections

5.4 Key concepts and summary

5.5 Fill in the blank

Respiratory system infections

1 Anatomy and normal microbiota of the respiratory tract

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Anatomy of the upper respiratory system

1.3 Anatomy of the lower respiratory system

1.4 Defenses of the respiratory system

1.5 Normal microbiota of the respiratory system

1.6 Signs and symptoms of respiratory infection

1.7 Key concepts and summary

1.8 Fill in the blank

1.9 Short answer

2 Bacterial infections of the respiratory tract

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Streptococcal infections

2.3 Sequelae of S. pyogenes Infections

2.4 Acute otitis media

2.5 Bacterial rhinosinusitis

2.7 Bacterial pneumonia

2.8 Pneumococcal pneumonia

2.9 Haemophilus Pneumonia

2.10 Mycoplasma Pneumonia (walking pneumonia)

2.11 Chlamydial pneumonias and psittacosis

2.12 Health care-associated pneumonia

2.13 Pseudomonas Pneumonia

2.14 Tuberculosis

2.15 Pertussis (whooping cough)

2.16 Legionnaires disease

2.18 Key concepts and summary

2.19 Fill in the blank

2.20 Short answer

3 Viral infections of the respiratory tract

4 Respiratory mycoses

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Histoplasmosis

4.3 Coccidioidomycosis

4.4 Blastomycosis

4.5 Mucormycosis

4.6 Aspergillosis

4.7 Pneumocystis Pneumonia

4.8 Cryptococcosis

4.9 Key concepts and summary

4.10 Fill in the blank

4.11 Short answer

Urogenital system infections

1 Anatomy and normal microbiota of the urogenital tract

2 Bacterial infections of the urinary system

3 Bacterial infections of the reproductive system

4 Viral infections of the reproductive system

5 Fungal infections of the reproductive system

6 Protozoan infections of the urogenital system

Digestive system infections

1 Anatomy and normal microbiota of the digestive system

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Anatomy and normal microbiota of the oral cavity

1.3 Anatomy and normal microbiota of the gi tract

1.4 General signs and symptoms of oral and gi disease

1.5 Key concepts and summary

1.6 Fill in the blank

1.7 Short answer

2 Microbial diseases of the mouth and oral cavity

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Dental caries

2.3 Periodontal disease

2.4 Trench mouth

2.5 Oral infections

2.6 Herpetic gingivostomatitis

2.7 Oral thrush

2.9 Key concepts and summary

2.10 Fill in the blank

2.11 Short answer

3 Bacterial infections of the gastrointestinal tract

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Staphylococcal food poisoning

3.3 Shigellosis (bacillary dysentery)

3.4 Salmonellosis

3.5 Typhoid fever

3.6 E. coli Infections

3.7 Cholera and other vibrios

3.8 Campylobacter jejuni Gastroenteritis

3.9 Peptic ulcers

3.10 Clostridium perfringens Gastroenteritis

3.11 Clostridium difficile

3.12 Foodborne illness due to Bacillus cereus

3.13 Foodborne illness due to Yersinia

3.14 Key concepts and summary

3.15 Fill in the blank

4 Viral infections of the gastrointestinal tract

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Gastroenteritis caused by rotaviruses

4.3 Gastroenteritis caused by noroviruses

4.4 Gastroenteritis caused by astroviruses

4.6 Key concepts and summary

4.7 Fill in the blank

4.8 Short answer

5 Protozoan infections of the gastrointestinal tract

6 Helminthic infections of the gastrointestinal tract

Circulatory and lymphatic system infections

1 Anatomy of the circulatory and lymphatic systems

2 Bacterial infections of the circulatory and lymphatic systems

3 Viral infections of the circulatory and lymphatic systems

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Infectious mononucleosis and burkitt lymphoma

3.3 Cytomegalovirus infections

3.4 Arthropod-borne viral diseases

3.5 Yellow fever

3.6 Dengue fever

3.7 Chikungunya fever

3.8 Ebola virus disease

3.10 Human immunodeficiency virus

3.11 Key concepts and summary

3.12 Fill in the blank

3.13 Short answer

4 Parasitic infections of the circulatory and lymphatic systems

4.1 Learning objectives

4.3 Toxoplasmosis

4.5 Chagas disease

4.6 Leishmaniasis

4.7 Schistosomiasis

4.8 Cercarial dermatitis

4.9 Key concepts and summary

4.10 Fill in the blank

4.11 Short answer

Nervous system infections

1 Anatomy of the nervous system

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 The central nervous system

1.3 The blood-brain barrier

1.4 The peripheral nervous system

1.5 The cells of the nervous system

1.6 Meningitis and encephalitis

1.7 Key concepts and summary

1.9 Fill in the blank

1.10 Short answer

2 Bacterial diseases of the nervous system

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Bacterial meningitis

2.3 Meningococcal meningitis

2.4 Pneumococcal meningitis

2.5 Haemophilus influenzae Type b

2.6 Neonatal meningitis

2.7 Clostridium -associated diseases

2.10 Listeriosis

2.11 Hansen’s disease (leprosy)

2.12 Key concepts and summary

2.13 Fill in the blank

2.14 Short answer

3 Acellular diseases of the nervous system

4 Fungal and parasitic diseases of the nervous system

Source: OpenStax, Microbiology. OpenStax CNX. Nov 01, 2016 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col12087/1.4

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