Introduction to sociology 2e

OpenStax

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0.1 About openstax

0.2 About this book

0.3 To the student

0.4 To the instructor

0.5 General approach

0.6 Changes to the second edition

0.7 Features of openstax introduction to sociology 2e

0.9 Learning objectives

0.10 Key features

0.11 Section summaries

0.13 Section quizzes

0.14 Further research

0.15 Acknowledgements

0.16 Contributing authors

0.17 Expert reviewers

0.18 Supplements

0.19 Disclaimer

An introduction to sociology

Introduction to sociology

1 What is sociology?

1.1 What are society and culture?

1.2 Studying patterns: how sociologists view society

1.3 Studying part and whole: how sociologists view social structures

1.5 Short answer

1.6 Further research

2 The history of sociology

2.1 Creating a discipline

2.2 Auguste comte (1798–1857)

2.3 Harriet martineau (1802–1876)—the first woman sociologist

2.4 Karl marx (1818–1883)

2.5 Herbert spencer (1820–1903)

2.6 Georg simmel (1858–1918)

2.7 Émile durkheim (1858–1917)

2.8 George herbert mead (1863–1931)

2.9 Max weber (1864–1920)

2.11 Short answer

2.12 Further research

2.13 References

3 Theoretical perspectives

3.1 Functionalism

3.3 Conflict theory

3.5 Symbolic interactionist theory

3.7 Sociological theory today

3.9 Short answer

3.10 Further research

3.11 References

4 Why study sociology?

4.1 Sociology in the workplace

4.3 Short answer

4.4 Further research

Sociological research

Introduction to sociological research

1 Approaches to sociological research

1.1 The scientific method

1.2 Ask a question

1.3 Research existing sources

1.4 Formulate a hypothesis

1.5 Interpretive framework

1.7 Short answer

1.8 Further research

2 Research methods

2.2 Field research

2.3 Participant observation

2.4 Ethnography

2.5 Institutional ethnography

2.7 Experiments

2.8 Secondary data analysis

2.10 Short answer

2.11 Further research

2.12 References

3 Ethical concerns

3.2 Short answer

3.3 Further research

Introduction to culture

1 What is culture?

1.1 Cultural universals

1.2 Ethnocentrism and cultural relativism

1.4 Short answer

1.5 Further research

2 Elements of culture

2.1 Values and beliefs

2.3 Symbols and language

2.5 Short answer

2.6 Further research

3 Pop culture, subculture, and cultural change

3.1 High culture and popular culture

3.2 Subculture and counterculture

3.3 Cultural change

3.4 Innovation: discovery and invention

3.5 Diffusion and globalization

3.7 Short answer

3.8 Further research

4 Theoretical perspectives on culture

Society and social interaction

Introduction to society and social interaction

1 Types of societies

1.1 Preindustrial societies

1.2 Hunter-gatherer

1.4 Horticultural

1.5 Agricultural

1.7 Industrial society

1.8 Postindustrial society

1.10 Short answer

1.11 Further research

1.12 References

2 Theoretical perspectives on society

2.1 Émile durkheim and functionalism

2.2 Karl marx and conflict theory

2.3 Max weber and symbolic interactionism

2.5 Short answer

2.6 Further research

3 Social constructions of reality

3.1 Roles and status

3.2 Presentation of self

3.4 Short answer

3.5 Further research

Introduction to socialization

1 Theories of self-development

1.1 Psychological perspectives on self-development

1.2 Sociological theories of self-development

1.3 Kohlberg’s theory of moral development

1.4 Gilligan’s theory of moral development and gender

1.6 Short answer

1.7 Further research

2 Why socialization matters

2.1 Nature versus nurture

2.3 Short answer

2.4 Further research

3 Agents of socialization

3.3 Peer groups

3.4 Institutional agents

3.6 The workplace

3.11 Short answer

3.12 Further research

3.13 References

4 Socialization across the life course

4.1 Resocialization

4.3 Short answer

4.4 Further research

Groups and organization

Introduction to groups and organizations

1 Types of groups

1.1 Defining a group

1.2 Types of groups

1.3 In-groups and out-groups

1.4 Reference groups

1.6 Short answer

1.7 Further research

2 Group size and structure

2.1 Dyads, triads, and large groups

2.2 Group leadership

2.5 Short answer

2.6 Further research

3 Formal organizations

3.1 Types of formal organizations

3.2 Bureaucracies

3.3 The mcdonaldization of society

3.5 Short answer

3.6 Further research

Deviance, crime, and social control

Introduction to deviance, crime, and social control

1 Deviance and control

1.3 Short answer

1.4 Further research

2 Theoretical perspectives on deviance

2.1 Functionalism

2.2 Émile durkheim: the essential nature of deviance

2.3 Robert merton: strain theory

2.5 Clifford shaw and henry mckay: cultural deviance theory

2.6 Conflict theory

2.7 Karl marx: an unequal system

2.8 C. wright mills: the power elite

2.10 Symbolic interactionism

2.11 Labeling theory

2.12 Edwin sutherland: differential association

2.13 Travis hirschi: control theory

2.15 Short answer

2.16 Further research

2.17 References

3 Crime and the law

3.1 Types of crimes

3.2 Crime statistics

3.3 Public perception of crime

3.4 The u.s. criminal justice system

3.7 Corrections

3.9 Short answer

3.10 Further research

3.11 References

Media and technology

Introduction to media and technology

1 Technology today

1.1 What is technology?

1.2 Technological inequality

1.4 Online privacy and security

1.5 Net neutrality

2 Media and technology in society

2.1 Categorizing technology

2.2 Types of media and technology

2.3 Print newspaper

2.4 Television and radio

2.7 Product advertising

2.8 Homogenization and fragmentation

2.10 Short answer

2.11 Further research

2.12 References

3 Global implications of media and technology

3.1 Media globalization

3.2 Technological globalization

3.4 Short answer

3.5 Further research

4 Theoretical perspectives on media and technology

4.1 Functionalism

4.2 Commercial function

4.3 Entertainment function

4.5 Life-changing functions

4.6 Conflict perspective

4.7 Control of media and technology

4.9 Feminist perspective

4.10 Symbolic interactionism

4.14 Short answer

4.15 Further research

4.16 References

Social stratification in the united states

Introduction to social stratification in the united states

1 What is social stratification?

1.1 Recent economic changes and u.s. stratification

1.2 Systems of stratification

1.3 The caste system

1.4 The class system

1.5 Meritocracy

1.6 Status consistency

1.8 Short answer

1.9 Further research

1.10 References

2 Social stratification and mobility in the united states

2.1 Standard of living

2.3 Upper class

2.4 The middle class

2.5 The lower class

2.7 Class traits

2.9 Short answer

2.10 Further research

2.11 References

3 Global stratification and inequality

3.1 Models of global stratification

3.3 Short answer

3.4 Further research

4 Theoretical perspectives on social stratification

4.1 Functionalism

4.2 Conflict theory

4.3 Symbolic interactionism

4.5 Short answer

Global inequality

Introduction to global inequality

1 Global stratification and classification

1.1 Global stratification

1.2 Global classification

1.3 Cold war terminology

1.4 Immanuel wallerstein: world systems approach

1.5 World bank economic classification by income

1.6 High-income nations

1.7 Middle-income nations

1.8 Low-income nations

1.10 Short answer

1.11 Further research

1.12 References

2 Global wealth and poverty

2.1 Types of poverty

2.2 Who are the impoverished?

2.3 Global feminization of poverty

2.7 Consequences of poverty

2.10 Short answer

2.11 Further research

2.12 References

3 Theoretical perspectives on global stratification

3.1 Modernization theory

3.2 Dependency theory

3.4 Short answer

3.5 Further research

Race and ethnicity

Introduction to race and ethnicity

1 Racial, ethnic, and minority groups

1.1 What is race?

1.2 What is ethnicity?

1.3 What are minority groups?

1.5 Short answer

1.6 Further research

2 Stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination

2.1 Prejudice and racism

2.2 Discrimination

2.3 Racial tensions in the united states

2.4 Multiple identities

2.6 Short answer

2.7 Further research

3 Theories of race and ethnicity

3.1 Theoretical perspectives

3.2 Functionalism

3.3 Conflict theory

3.4 Interactionism

3.5 Culture of prejudice

3.7 Short answer

3.8 Further research

4 Intergroup relationships

4.3 Segregation

4.5 Assimilation

4.6 Amalgamation

4.8 Short answer

4.9 Further research

4.10 References

5 Race and ethnicity in the united states

5.1 Native americans

5.2 How and why they came

5.3 History of intergroup relations

5.4 Current status

5.5 African americans

5.6 How and why they came

5.7 History of intergroup relations

5.8 Current status

5.9 Asian americans

5.10 How and why they came

5.11 History of intergroup relations

5.12 Current status

5.13 Hispanic americans

5.14 How and why they came

5.15 History of intergroup relations

5.16 Current status

5.17 Arab americans

5.18 Why they came

5.19 History of intergroup relations

5.20 Current status

5.21 White ethnic americans

5.22 Why they came

5.23 History of intergroup relations

5.24 Current status

5.26 Short answer

5.27 Further research

5.28 References

Gender, sex, and sexuality

Introduction to gender, sex, and sexuality

1 Sex and gender

1.1 Sexual orientation

1.2 Gender roles

1.3 Gender identity

1.5 Short answer

1.6 Further research

2.1 Gender and socialization

2.2 Socialization

2.4 Theoretical perspectives on gender

2.5 Structural functionalism

2.6 Conflict theory

2.7 Feminist theory

2.8 Symbolic interactionism

2.10 Short answer

2.11 Further research

2.12 References

3 Sex and sexuality

3.1 Sexual attitudes and practices

3.2 Sexuality around the world

3.3 Sexuality in the united states

3.4 Sex education

3.5 Sociological perspectives on sex and sexuality

3.6 Structural functionalism

3.7 Conflict theory

3.8 Symbolic interactionism

3.9 Queer theory

3.11 Short answer

3.12 Further research

3.13 References

Aging and the elderly

Introduction to aging and the elderly

1 Who are the elderly? aging in society

1.1 Studying aging populations

1.2 Phases of aging: the young-old, middle-old, and old-old

1.3 The graying of the united states

1.4 Baby boomers

1.5 Aging around the world

1.7 Short answer

1.8 Further research

2 The process of aging

2.1 Biological changes

2.3 Aging and sexuality

2.4 Death and dying

2.6 Short answer

2.7 Further research

3 Challenges facing the elderly

3.3 Mistreatment and abuse

3.5 Short answer

3.6 Further research

4 Theoretical perspectives on aging

4.1 Functionalism

4.2 Conflict Perspective

4.3 Symbolic interactionism

4.5 Short answer

4.6 Further research

Marriage and family

Introduction to marriage and family

1 What is marriage? what is a family?

1.1 Challenges families face

1.2 Marriage patterns

1.3 One partner or many?

1.4 Residency and lines of descent

1.5 Stages of family life

1.7 Short answer

1.8 Further research

2 Variations in family life

2.1 Single parents

2.2 Cohabitation

2.3 Same-sex couples

2.4 Staying single

2.5 Theoretical perspectives on marriage and family

2.6 Functionalism

2.7 Conflict theory

2.8 Symbolic interactionism

2.10 Short answer

2.11 Further research

2.12 References

3 Challenges families face

3.1 Divorce and remarriage

3.2 Children of divorce and remarriage

3.3 Violence and abuse

3.4 Domestic violence

3.5 Child abuse

3.7 Short answer

3.8 Further research

Introduction to religion

1 The sociological approach to religion

1.1 The history of religion as a sociological concept

1.2 Theoretical perspectives on religion

1.3 Functionalism

1.4 Conflict theory

1.5 Symbolic interactionism

1.7 Short answer

1.8 Further research

2 World religions

2.1 Types of religious organizations

2.2 Types of religions

2.3 The world’s religions

2.6 Confucianism

2.10 Christianity

2.12 Short answer

2.13 Further research

2.14 References

3 Religion in the united states

3.2 Liberation theology

3.3 Megachurches

3.4 Secularization

3.6 Short answer

3.7 Further research

Introduction to education

1 Education around the world

1.1 Formal and informal education

1.2 Access to education

1.4 Short answer

1.5 Further research

2 Theoretical perspectives on education

2.1 Functionalism

2.2 Manifest functions

2.3 Latent functions

2.4 Conflict theory

2.5 Feminist theory

2.6 Symbolic interactionism

2.8 Short answer

2.9 Further research

2.10 References

3 Issues in education

3.1 Equal education

3.4 No child left behind

3.5 Teaching to the test

3.6 Bilingual education

3.7 Common core

3.8 What gets measured?

3.9 Charter schools

3.10 Teacher training

3.12 Affirmative action

3.13 Rising student loan debt

3.14 Home schooling

3.16 Short answer

3.17 Further research

3.18 References

Government and politics

Introduction to government and politics

1 Power and authority

1.1 What is power?

1.2 Types of authority

1.3 Traditional authority

1.4 Charismatic authority

1.5 Rational-legal authority

1.7 Short answer

1.8 Further research

2 Forms of government

2.3 Dictatorship

2.6 Short answer

2.7 Further research

3 Politics in the united states

3.1 Voter participation

3.2 Race, gender, and class issues

3.3 The judicial system

3.5 Short answer

3.6 Further research

4 Theoretical perspectives on government and power

4.1 Functionalism

4.2 Conflict theory

4.3 Conflict theory in action

4.4 Symbolic interactionism

4.6 Short answer

4.7 Further research

Work and the economy

Introduction to work and the economy

0.1 The wage gap in the united states

0.2 Recent economic cconditions

1 Economic systems

1.1 Economics of agricultural, industrial, and postindustrial societies

1.2 The agricultural revolution

1.3 The industrial revolution

1.4 Postindustrial societies and the information age

1.6 Capitalism in practice

1.8 Socialism in practice

1.9 Convergence theory

1.10 Theoretical perspectives on the economy

1.11 Functionalist perspective

1.12 Conflict perspective

1.13 Symbolic interactionist perspective

1.15 Short answer

1.16 Further research

1.17 References

2 Globalization and the economy

2.1 What is globalization?

2.2 Aspects of globalization

2.4 Short answer

2.5 Further research

3 Work in the united states

3.1 Polarization in the workforce

3.2 Women in the workforce

3.3 Immigration and the workforce

3.4 Poverty in the united states

3.6 Short answer

3.7 Further research

Health and medicine

Introduction to health and medicine

1 The social construction of health

1.1 The cultural meaning of illness

1.5 Short answer

1.6 Further research

2 Global health

2.1 Health in high-income nations

2.2 Health in low-income nations

2.4 Short answer

2.5 Further research

3 Health in the united states

3.1 Health by race and ethnicity

3.2 Health by socioeconomic status

3.3 Health by gender

3.4 Mental health and disability

3.5 Mental health

3.8 Short answer

3.9 Further research

3.10 References

4 Comparative health and medicine

4.1 U.s. healthcare

4.2 Healthcare elsewhere

4.4 Short answer quiz

4.5 Further research

5 Theoretical perspectives on health and medicine

5.1 Functionalism

5.2 Conflict perspective

5.3 Symbolic interactionism

5.5 Short answer

5.6 Further research

Population, urbanization, and the environment

Introduction to population, urbanization, and the environment

1 Demography and population

1.1 Population growth

1.2 Demographic theories

1.3 Malthusian theory

1.4 Zero population growth

1.5 Cornucopian theory

1.6 Demographic transition theory

1.7 Changes in u.s. immigration patterns and attitudes

1.9 Short answer

1.10 Further research

1.11 References

2.1 The growth of cities

2.2 Urbanization in the united states

2.3 Suburbs and exurbs

2.4 Urbanization around the world

2.5 Theoretical perspectives on urbanization

2.7 Short answer

2.8 Further research

3 The environment and society

3.1 Climate change

3.7 Toxic and radioactive waste

3.8 Environmental racism

3.10 Short answer

3.11 Further research

3.12 References

Social movements and social change

Introduction to social movements and social change

1 Collective behavior

1.1 Forms of collective behavior

1.2 Theoretical perspectives on collective behavior

1.3 Emergent-norm perspective

1.4 Value-added theory

1.5 Assembling perspective

1.7 Short answer

2 Social movements

2.9 Resource mobilization

2.10 Resource mobilization and the civil rights movement

2.11 Framing/frame analysis

2.13 The movement to legalize marijuana

2.15 Short answer

2.16 References

3 Social change

3.3 The darker side of technology: electronic aggression in the information

3.6 The environment

3.7 Modernization

3.9 Short answer

3.10 References

Source: OpenStax, Introduction to sociology 2e. OpenStax CNX. Jan 20, 2016 Download for free at http://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11762/1.6

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