Microbiology

OpenStax

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0.1 About openstax

0.2 About openstax resources

0.3 Customization

0.6 About Microbiology

0.7 Coverage and scope

0.8 American society of microbiology (asm) partnership

0.10 Asm recommended curriculum guidelines for undergraduate microbiology

0.11 Openstax Microbiology Correlation to asm recommended curriculum guidelines

0.12 Engaging feature boxes

0.13 Comprehensive art program

0.14 Materials that reinforce key concepts

0.15 Additional resources

0.16 Student and instructor resources

0.17 Partner resources

0.18 About the authors

0.19 Senior contributing authors

0.20 Contributing authors

1 Fundamentals of physics and chemistry important to microbiology

2 Mathematical basics

3 Metabolic pathways

4 Taxonomy of clinically relevant microorganisms

An invisible world

1 What our ancestors knew

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Fermented foods and beverages

1.3 The iceman treateth

1.4 Early notions of disease, contagion, and containment

1.5 The birth of microbiology

1.6 Key concepts and summary

1.7 Fill in the blank

1.8 Short answer

2 A systematic approach

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 The science of taxonomy

2.3 Evolving trees of life (phylogenies)

2.4 The role of genetics in modern taxonomy

2.5 Naming microbes

2.6 Bergey’s manuals

2.7 Fill in the blank

2.8 Short answer

3 Types of microorganisms

How we see the invisible world

1 The properties of light

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Interactions of light

1.3 Lenses and refraction

1.4 Electromagnetic spectrum and color

1.5 Magnification, resolution, and contrast

1.6 Key concepts and summary

1.7 Fill in the blank

1.8 Short answer

2 Peering into the invisible world

3 Instruments of microscopy

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Light microscopy

3.3 Brightfield microscopes

3.4 Darkfield microscopy

3.5 Phase-contrast microscopes

3.6 Differential interference contrast microscopes

3.7 Fluorescence microscopes

3.8 Confocal microscopes

3.9 Two-photon microscopes

3.10 Electron microscopy

3.11 Scanning probe microscopy

3.12 Key concepts and summary

3.13 Fill in the blank

3.14 Short answer

4 Staining microscopic specimens

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Preparing specimens for light microscopy

4.3 Gram staining

4.4 Acid-fast stains

4.5 Capsule staining

4.6 Endospore staining

4.7 Flagella staining

4.8 Preparing specimens for electron microscopy

4.9 Preparation and staining for other microscopes

4.10 Key concepts and summary

4.11 Fill in the blank

4.12 Short answer

1 Spontaneous generation

2 Foundations of modern cell theory

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 The origins of cell theory

2.3 Endosymbiotic theory

2.4 The germ theory of disease

2.5 Key concepts and summary

2.6 Fill in the blank

2.7 Short answer

3 Unique characteristics of prokaryotic cells

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Common cell morphologies and arrangements

3.3 The nucleoid

3.8 Plasma membrane

3.9 Membrane transport mechanisms

3.10 Photosynthetic membrane structures

3.12 Glycocalyces and s-layers

3.13 Filamentous appendages

3.14 Fimbriae and pili

3.16 Key concepts and summary

3.17 True/false

3.18 Fill in the blank

3.19 Short answer

4 Unique characteristics of eukaryotic cells

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Cell morphologies

4.6 Endomembrane system

4.7 Endoplasmic reticulum

4.8 Golgi apparatus

4.10 Peroxisomes

4.11 Cytoskeleton

4.12 Mitochondria

4.13 Chloroplasts

4.14 Plasma membrane

4.15 Membrane transport mechanisms

4.17 Extracellular matrix

4.18 Flagella and cilia

4.19 Key concepts and summary

4.20 True/false

4.21 Fill in the blank

4.22 Short answer

Prokaryotic diversity

1 Prokaryote habitats, relationships, and microbiomes

2 Proteobacteria

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Alphaproteobacteria

2.3 Betaproteobacteria

2.4 Gammaproteobacteria

2.5 Deltaproteobacteria

2.6 Epsilonproteobacteria

2.7 Key concepts and summary

2.8 Fill in the blank

2.9 Short answer

3 Nonproteobacteria gram-negative bacteria and phototrophic bacteria

4 Gram-positive bacteria

5 Deeply branching bacteria

6.1 Learning objectives

6.2 Crenarchaeota

6.3 Euryarchaeota

6.4 Key concepts and summary

6.5 Fill in the blank

6.6 Short answer

The eukaryotes of microbiology

1 Unicellular eukaryotic parasites

2 Parasitic helminths

Acellular pathogens

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Hosts and viral transmission

1.3 Viral structures

1.4 Classification and taxonomy of viruses

1.5 Classification of viral diseases

1.6 Key concepts and summary

1.8 Fill in the blank

1.9 Short answer

2 The viral life cycle

3 Isolation, culture, and identification of viruses

4 Viroids, virusoids, and prions

Microbial biochemistry

1 Organic molecules

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Elements in living cells

1.3 Organic molecules and isomerism

1.4 Biologically significant functional groups

1.5 Macromolecules

1.6 Key concepts and summary

1.8 Short answer

2 Carbohydrates

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Monosaccharides: the sweet ones

2.3 Disaccharides

2.4 Polysaccharides

2.5 Key concepts and summary

2.7 Short answer

5 Using biochemistry to identify microorganisms

Microbial metabolism

1 Energy, matter, and enzymes

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Classification by carbon and energy source

1.3 Oxidation and reduction in metabolism

1.4 Energy carriers: nad + , nadp + , fad, and atp

1.5 Enzyme structure and function

1.6 Enzyme inhibitors

1.7 Key concepts and summary

1.8 Fill in the blank

1.10 Short answer

2 Catabolism of carbohydrates

2.1 Learning objectives

2.3 Other glycolytic pathways

2.4 Transition reaction, coenzyme a, and the krebs cycle

2.5 Key concepts and summary

2.7 Fill in the blank

2.8 Short answer

3 Cellular respiration

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Electron transport system

3.3 Chemiosmosis, proton motive force, and oxidative phosphorylation

3.4 Key concepts and summary

3.5 Fill in the blank

3.7 Short answer

5 Catabolism of lipids and proteins

5.1 Learning objectives

5.2 Lipid catabolism

5.3 Protein catabolism

5.4 Key concepts and summary

5.5 Fill in the blank

5.6 Short answer

6 Photosynthesis

6.1 Learning objectives

6.2 Photosynthetic structures in eukaryotes and prokaryotes

6.3 Oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthesis

6.4 Light-independent reactions

6.5 Key concepts and summary

6.7 Fill in the blank

6.8 Short answer

7 Biogeochemical cycles

7.1 Learning objectives

7.2 Carbon cycle

7.3 Nitrogen cycle

7.4 Sulfur cycle

7.5 Other biogeochemical cycles

7.6 Bioremediation

7.7 Key concepts and summary

7.8 Fill in the blank

7.10 Short answer

Microbial growth

1 How microbes grow

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Binary fission

1.3 Generation time

1.4 The growth curve

1.5 The lag phase

1.6 The log phase

1.7 Stationary phase

1.8 The death phase

1.9 Sustaining microbial growth

1.10 Measurement of bacterial growth

1.11 Direct cell count

1.12 Plate count

1.13 Serial dilution

1.14 The most probable number

1.15 Indirect cell counts

1.16 Alternative patterns of cell division

1.18 Biofilm structure

1.19 Biofilm formation

1.20 Biofilms and human health

1.21 Key concepts and summary

1.22 Fill in the blank

1.24 Short answer

2 Oxygen requirements for microbial growth

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Oxygen requirements of microorganisms

2.3 Detoxification of reactive oxygen species

2.4 Key concepts and summary

2.6 Short answer

3 The effects of ph on microbial growth

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Key concepts and summary

3.3 Fill in the blank

3.4 Short answer

4 Temperature and microbial growth

5 Other environmental conditions that affect growth

6 Media used for bacterial growth

Biochemistry of the genome

1 Using microbiology to discover the secrets of life

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Discovery and characterization of dna

1.3 Foundations of genetics

1.4 Mendel’s pea plants

1.5 The chromosomal theory of inheritance

1.6 Microbes and viruses in genetic research

1.7 Dna as the molecule responsible for heredity

1.8 Griffith’s transformation experiments

1.9 Hershey and chase’s proof of dna as genetic material

1.10 Key concepts and summary

1.11 Fill in the blank

1.12 Short answer

2 Structure and function of dna

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Dna nucleotides

2.3 Discovering the double helix

2.4 Dna structure

2.5 Dna function

2.6 Key concepts and summary

2.7 Fill in the blank

2.9 Short answer

3 Structure and function of rna

4 Structure and function of cellular genomes

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Genotype versus phenotype

4.3 Organization of genetic material

4.4 Organization of eukaryotic chromosome

4.5 Organization of prokaryotic chromosomes

4.6 Noncoding dna

4.7 Extrachromosomal dna

4.8 Viral genomes

4.9 Key concepts and summary

4.10 True/false

4.11 Fill in the blank

4.12 Short answer

Mechanisms of microbial genetics

1 The functions of genetic material

2 Dna replication

3 Rna transcription

4 Protein synthesis (translation)

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 The genetic code

4.3 The protein synthesis machinery

4.5 Transfer rnas

4.6 The mechanism of protein synthesis

4.9 Termination

4.10 Protein targeting, folding, and modification

4.11 Key concepts and summary

4.12 Fill in the blank

4.13 True/false

4.14 Short answer

5.1 Learning objectives

5.2 Effects of mutations on dna sequence

5.3 Effects of mutations on protein structure and function

5.4 Causes of mutations

5.5 Chemical mutagens

5.8 Proofreading

5.9 Mismatch repair

5.10 Repair of thymine dimers

5.11 Identifying bacterial mutants

5.12 The ames test

5.13 Key concepts and summary

5.14 Fill in the blank

5.15 True/false

5.16 Short answer

6 How asexual prokaryotes achieve genetic diversity

6.1 Learning objectives

6.2 Transformation

6.3 Transduction

6.4 Conjugation

6.5 Conjugation of the f plasmid

6.6 Conjugation of f’ and hfr cells

6.7 Consequences and applications of conjugation

6.8 Transposition

6.9 Key concepts and summary

6.10 Fill in the blank

6.11 True/false

6.12 Short answer

7 Gene regulation: operon theory

Modern applications of microbial genetics

1 Microbes and the tools of genetic engineering

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Molecular cloning

1.3 Restriction enzymes and ligases

1.5 Molecular cloning using transformation

1.6 Molecular cloning using conjugation or transduction

1.7 Creating a genomic library

1.8 Introducing recombinant molecules into eukaryotic hosts

1.9 Electroporation

1.10 Microinjection

1.12 Shuttle vectors

1.13 Viral vectors

1.14 Key concepts and summary

1.15 True/false

1.16 Fill in the blank

1.17 Short answer

2 Visualizing and characterizing dna, rna, and protein

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Molecular analysis of dna

2.3 Nucleic acid probing

2.4 Agarose gel electrophoresis

2.5 Restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis

2.6 Southern blots and modifications

2.7 Microarray analysis

2.8 Molecular analysis of proteins

2.9 Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

2.10 Amplification-based dna analysis methods

2.11 Polymerase chain reaction (pcr)

2.12 Pcr variations

2.13 Dna sequencing

2.14 Key concepts and summary

2.15 Fill in the blank

2.16 True/false

2.17 Short answer

3 Whole genome methods and pharmaceutical applications of genetic engineering

Control of microbial growth

1 Controlling microbial growth

2 Using physical methods to control microorganisms

2.1 Learning objectives

2.4 Pasteurization

2.5 Refrigeration and freezing

2.7 Desiccation

2.10 Filtration

2.11 Biological safety cabinets

2.12 Filtration in hospitals

2.13 Membrane filters

2.14 Key concepts and summary

2.15 Fill in the blank

2.16 True/false

2.17 Short answer

3 Using chemicals to control microorganisms

3.1 Learning objectives

3.3 Heavy metals

3.6 Copper, nickel, and zinc

3.9 Surfactants

3.10 Bisbiguanides

3.11 Alkylating agents

3.12 Peroxygens

3.13 Supercritical fluids

3.14 Chemical food preservatives

3.15 Natural chemical food preservatives

3.16 Key concepts and summary

3.17 Fill in the blank

3.18 True/false

3.19 Short answer

4 Testing the effectiveness of antiseptics and disinfectants

Antimicrobial drugs

1 History of chemotherapy and antimicrobial discovery

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Use of antimicrobials in ancient societies

1.3 The first antimicrobial drugs

1.4 Key concepts and summary

1.5 Fill in the blank

1.6 Short answer

2 Fundamentals of antimicrobial chemotherapy

3 Mechanisms of antibacterial drugs

4 Mechanisms of other antimicrobial drugs

4.1 Learning objective

4.2 Antifungal drugs

4.3 Antiprotozoan drugs

4.4 Antihelminthic drugs

4.5 Antiviral drugs

4.6 Key concepts and summary

4.7 Fill in the blank

4.9 Short answer

5 Drug resistance

6 Testing the effectiveness of antimicrobials

7 Current strategies for antimicrobial discovery

Microbial mechanisms of pathogenicity

1 Characteristics of infectious disease

2 How pathogens cause disease

3 Virulence factors of bacterial and viral pathogens

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Virulence factors for adhesion

3.3 Bacterial exoenzymes and toxins as virulence factors

3.6 Virulence factors for survival in the host and immune evasion

3.7 Viral virulence

3.8 Viral adhesins

3.9 Antigenic variation in viruses

3.10 Key concepts and summary

3.11 Fill in the blank

4 Virulence factors of eukaryotic pathogens

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Fungal virulence

4.3 Protozoan virulence

4.4 Helminth virulence

4.5 Key concepts and summary

4.6 Fill in the blank

4.7 Short answer

Disease and epidemiology

1 The language of epidemiologists

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Analyzing disease in a population

1.3 Patterns of incidence

1.5 The role of public health organizations

1.6 Key concepts and summary

1.8 Fill in the blank

1.9 Short answer

2 Tracking infectious diseases

3 Modes of disease transmission

4 Global public health

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 The world health organization (who)

4.3 Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases

4.4 Key concepts and summary

4.5 Fill in the blank

Innate nonspecific host defenses

1 Physical defenses

2 Chemical defenses

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Chemical and enzymatic mediators found in body fluids

2.3 Antimicrobial peptides

2.4 Plasma protein mediators

2.5 Acute-phase proteins

2.6 The complement system

2.8 Inflammation-eliciting mediators

2.9 Key concepts and summary

2.10 Fill in the blank

2.11 Short answer

3 Cellular defenses

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Hematopoiesis

3.3 Granulocytes

3.4 Neutrophils (pmns)

3.5 Eosinophils

3.8 Agranulocytes

3.9 Natural killer cells

3.11 Key concepts and summary

3.13 Fill in the blank

3.14 Short answer

4 Pathogen recognition and phagocytosis

5 Inflammation and fever

Adaptive specific host defenses

1 Overview of specific adaptive immunity

1.1 Learning objectives

1.4 Antibody classes

1.5 Antigen-antibody interactions

1.6 Key concepts and summary

1.8 Fill in the blank

1.9 Short answer

2 Major histocompatibility complexes and antigen-presenting cells

3 T lymphocytes and cellular immunity

4 B lymphocytes and humoral immunity

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 B cell production and maturation

4.3 B-cell receptors

4.4 T cell-independent activation of b cells

4.5 T cell-dependent activation of b cells

4.6 Primary and secondary responses

4.7 Key concepts and summary

4.8 Fill in the blank

Diseases of the immune system

1 Hypersensitivities

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Type i hypersensitivities

1.3 Type ii (cytotoxic) hypersensitivities

1.4 Abo blood group incompatibility

1.6 Type iii hypersensitivities

1.7 Type iv hypersensitivities

1.8 Hypersensitivity pneumonitis

1.9 Diagnosis of hypersensitivities

1.10 Treatments of hypersensitivities

1.11 Key concepts and summary

1.12 Fill in the blank

1.13 Short answer

2 Autoimmune disorders

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Organ-specific autoimmune diseases

2.3 Celiac disease

2.4 Disorders of the thyroid

2.5 Type 1 diabetes

2.6 Autoimmune addison disease

2.7 Systemic autoimmune diseases

2.8 Multiple sclerosis

2.9 Myasthenia gravis

2.11 Rheumatoid arthritis

2.12 Systemic lupus erythematosus

2.14 Fill in the blank

3 Organ transplantation and rejection

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Transplant rejection

3.3 Graft-versus-host disease

3.4 The future of transplantation

3.5 Key concepts and summary

3.7 Fill in the blank

3.8 Short answer

4 Immunodeficiency

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Primary immunodeficiency

4.3 Chronic granulomatous disease

4.4 X-linked agammaglobulinemia

4.5 Selective iga deficiency

4.6 Severe combined immunodeficiency

4.7 Secondary immunodeficiency

4.8 Key concepts and summary

4.9 Fill in the blank

4.10 Short answer

5 Cancer immunobiology and immunotherapy

5.1 Learning objectives

5.2 Cell-mediated response to tumors

5.3 Cancer vaccines

5.4 Key concepts and summary

5.5 Fill in the blank

5.6 Short answer

Laboratory analysis of the immune response

1 Polyclonal and monoclonal antibody production

2 Detecting antigen-antibody complexes

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Precipitin reactions

2.3 Precipitin ring test

2.4 Ouchterlony assay

2.5 Radial immunodiffusion assay

2.6 Flocculation assays

2.7 Neutralization assay

2.8 Immunoelectrophoresis

2.9 Immunoblot assay: the western blot

2.10 Complement-mediated immunoassay

2.11 Key concepts and summary

2.12 Fill in the blank

2.13 Short answer

3 Agglutination assays

4 Eias and elisas

5 Fluorescent antibody techniques

Skin and eye infections

1 Anatomy and normal microbiota of the skin and eyes

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Layers of the skin

1.3 Normal microbiota of the skin

1.4 Infections of the skin

1.5 Anatomy and microbiota of the eye

1.6 Infections of the eye

1.7 Key concepts and summary

1.8 Fill in the blank

1.9 Short answer

2 Bacterial infections of the skin and eyes

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Staphylococcal infections of the skin

2.3 Superficial staphylococcal infections

2.5 Nosocomial S. epidermidis Infections

2.6 Streptococcal infections of the skin

2.7 Cellulitis, erysipelas, and erythema nosodum

2.8 Necrotizing fasciitis

2.9 Pseudomonas Infections of the skin

2.12 Bacterial conjunctivitis

2.13 Neonatal conjunctivitis

2.15 Bacterial keratitis

2.16 Biofilms and infections of the skin and eyes

2.17 Key concepts and summary

2.18 Fill in the blank

2.19 Short answer

3 Viral infections of the skin and eyes

4 Mycoses of the skin

4.1 Learning objectives

4.3 Cutaneous aspergillosis

4.4 Candidiasis of the skin and nails

4.5 Sporotrichosis

4.6 Key concepts and summary

4.7 Fill in the blank

4.8 Short answer

5 Protozoan and helminthic infections of the skin and eyes

Respiratory system infections

1 Anatomy and normal microbiota of the respiratory tract

2 Bacterial infections of the respiratory tract

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Streptococcal infections

2.3 Sequelae of S. pyogenes Infections

2.4 Acute otitis media

2.5 Bacterial rhinosinusitis

2.7 Bacterial pneumonia

2.8 Pneumococcal pneumonia

2.9 Haemophilus Pneumonia

2.10 Mycoplasma Pneumonia (walking pneumonia)

2.11 Chlamydial pneumonias and psittacosis

2.12 Health care-associated pneumonia

2.13 Pseudomonas Pneumonia

2.14 Tuberculosis

2.15 Pertussis (whooping cough)

2.16 Legionnaires disease

2.18 Key concepts and summary

2.19 Fill in the blank

2.20 Short answer

3 Viral infections of the respiratory tract

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 The common cold

3.4 Viral pneumonia

3.5 Sars and mers

3.6 Viral respiratory diseases causing skin rashes

3.7 Measles (rubeola)

3.8 Rubella (german measles)

3.9 Chickenpox and shingles

3.10 Key concepts and summary

3.11 Fill in the blank

3.12 Short answer

4 Respiratory mycoses

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Histoplasmosis

4.3 Coccidioidomycosis

4.4 Blastomycosis

4.5 Mucormycosis

4.6 Aspergillosis

4.7 Pneumocystis Pneumonia

4.8 Cryptococcosis

4.9 Key concepts and summary

4.10 Fill in the blank

4.11 Short answer

Urogenital system infections

1 Anatomy and normal microbiota of the urogenital tract

2 Bacterial infections of the urinary system

3 Bacterial infections of the reproductive system

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Bacterial vaginitis and vaginosis

3.6 Congenital syphilis

3.8 Key concepts and summary

3.9 Fill in the blank

3.10 Short answer

4 Viral infections of the reproductive system

5 Fungal infections of the reproductive system

6 Protozoan infections of the urogenital system

Digestive system infections

1 Anatomy and normal microbiota of the digestive system

2 Microbial diseases of the mouth and oral cavity

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Dental caries

2.3 Periodontal disease

2.4 Trench mouth

2.5 Oral infections

2.6 Herpetic gingivostomatitis

2.7 Oral thrush

2.9 Key concepts and summary

2.10 Fill in the blank

2.11 Short answer

3 Bacterial infections of the gastrointestinal tract

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Staphylococcal food poisoning

3.3 Shigellosis (bacillary dysentery)

3.4 Salmonellosis

3.5 Typhoid fever

3.6 E. coli Infections

3.7 Cholera and other vibrios

3.8 Campylobacter jejuni Gastroenteritis

3.9 Peptic ulcers

3.10 Clostridium perfringens Gastroenteritis

3.11 Clostridium difficile

3.12 Foodborne illness due to Bacillus cereus

3.13 Foodborne illness due to Yersinia

3.14 Key concepts and summary

3.15 Fill in the blank

4 Viral infections of the gastrointestinal tract

5 Protozoan infections of the gastrointestinal tract

5.1 Learning objectives

5.3 Cryptosporidiosis

5.4 Amoebiasis (amebiasis)

5.5 Cyclosporiasis

5.6 Key concepts and summary

5.7 Fill in the blank

5.8 Short answer

6 Helminthic infections of the gastrointestinal tract

Circulatory and lymphatic system infections

1 Anatomy of the circulatory and lymphatic systems

2 Bacterial infections of the circulatory and lymphatic systems

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Bacterial sepsis, septic and toxic shock

2.3 Toxic shock syndrome and streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome

2.4 Puerperal sepsis

2.5 Infectious arthritis

2.6 Osteomyelitis

2.7 Rheumatic fever

2.8 Bacterial endocarditis and pericarditis

2.9 Gas gangrene

2.11 Brucellosis

2.12 Cat-scratch disease

2.13 Rat-bite fever

2.15 Zoonotic febrile diseases

2.16 Anaplasmosis

2.17 Ehrlichiosis

2.18 Epidemic typhus

2.19 Murine (endemic) typhus

2.20 Rocky mountain spotted fever

2.21 Lyme disease

2.22 Relapsing fever

2.23 Trench fever

2.24 Key concepts and summary

2.25 Fill in the blank

2.26 Short answer

3 Viral infections of the circulatory and lymphatic systems

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Infectious mononucleosis and burkitt lymphoma

3.3 Cytomegalovirus infections

3.4 Arthropod-borne viral diseases

3.5 Yellow fever

3.6 Dengue fever

3.7 Chikungunya fever

3.8 Ebola virus disease

3.10 Human immunodeficiency virus

3.11 Key concepts and summary

3.12 Fill in the blank

3.13 Short answer

4 Parasitic infections of the circulatory and lymphatic systems

4.1 Learning objectives

4.3 Toxoplasmosis

4.5 Chagas disease

4.6 Leishmaniasis

4.7 Schistosomiasis

4.8 Cercarial dermatitis

4.9 Key concepts and summary

4.10 Fill in the blank

4.11 Short answer

Nervous system infections

1 Anatomy of the nervous system

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 The central nervous system

1.3 The blood-brain barrier

1.4 The peripheral nervous system

1.5 The cells of the nervous system

1.6 Meningitis and encephalitis

1.7 Key concepts and summary

1.9 Fill in the blank

1.10 Short answer

2 Bacterial diseases of the nervous system

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Bacterial meningitis

2.3 Meningococcal meningitis

2.4 Pneumococcal meningitis

2.5 Haemophilus influenzae Type b

2.6 Neonatal meningitis

2.7 Clostridium -associated diseases

2.10 Listeriosis

2.11 Hansen’s disease (leprosy)

2.12 Key concepts and summary

2.13 Fill in the blank

2.14 Short answer

3 Acellular diseases of the nervous system

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Viral meningitis

3.3 Arboviral encephalitis

3.4 Zika virus infection

3.6 Poliomyelitis

3.7 Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

3.8 Key concepts and summary

3.9 Fill in the blank

3.10 Short answer

4 Fungal and parasitic diseases of the nervous system

Source: OpenStax, Microbiology. OpenStax CNX. Nov 01, 2016 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col12087/1.4

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