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4.5 Normal, tension, and other examples of force  (Page 7/11)

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Earth’s rotation is slow enough that Earth is nearly an inertial frame. You ordinarily must perform precise experiments to observe fictitious forces and the slight departures from Newton’s laws, such as the effect just described. On the large scale, such as for the rotation of weather systems and ocean currents, the effects can be easily observed.

The crucial factor in determining whether a frame of reference is inertial is whether it accelerates or rotates relative to a known inertial frame. Unless stated otherwise, all phenomena discussed in this text are considered in inertial frames.

All the forces discussed in this section are real forces, but there are a number of other real forces, such as lift and thrust, that are not discussed in this section. They are more specialized, and it is not necessary to discuss every type of force. It is natural, however, to ask where the basic simplicity we seek to find in physics is in the long list of forces. Are some more basic than others? Are some different manifestations of the same underlying force? The answer to both questions is yes, as will be seen in the next (extended) section and in the treatment of modern physics later in the text.

Phet explorations: forces in 1 dimension

Explore the forces at work when you try to push a filing cabinet. Create an applied force and see the resulting friction force and total force acting on the cabinet. Charts show the forces, position, velocity, and acceleration vs. time. View a free-body diagram of all the forces (including gravitational and normal forces).

Forces in 1 Dimension

Test prep for ap courses

An archer shoots an arrow straight up with a force of 24.5 N. The arrow has a mass of 0.4 kg. What is the force of gravity on the arrow?

  1. 9.8 m/s 2
  2. 9.8 N
  3. 61.25 N
  4. 3.9 N
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A cable raises a mass of 120.0 kg with an acceleration of 1.3 m/s2. What force of tension is in the cable?

The force of tension must equal the force of gravity plus the force necessary to accelerate the mass. F = m g can be used to calculate the first, and F = m a can be used to calculate the second.

For gravity:

F = m g = ( 120.0   kg)(9 .8   m/s 2 ) = 1205.4   N

For acceleration:

F = m a = ( 120.0   kg)(1 .3   m/s 2 ) = 159.9   N

The total force of tension in the cable is 1176 N + 156 N = 1332 N.

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A child pulls a wagon along a grassy field. Define the system, the pairs of forces at work, and the results.

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Two teams are engaging in a tug–of-war. The rope suddenly snaps. Which statement is true about the forces involved?

  1. The forces exerted by the two teams are no longer equal; the teams will accelerate in opposite directions as a result.
  2. The forces exerted by the players are no longer balanced by the force of tension in the rope; the teams will accelerate in opposite directions as a result.
  3. The force of gravity balances the forces exerted by the players; the teams will fall as a result
  4. The force of tension in the rope is transferred to the players; the teams will accelerate in opposite directions as a result.

(b)

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The following free-body diagram represents a toboggan on a hill. What acceleration would you expect, and why?

The diagram consists of a red dot with four solid black arrows pointing away from the dot. Arrow f is pointing to the right and slightly up. Arrow p is about half the size of arrow f and is pointing in the opposite direction, to the left and slightly down. An arrow N, about the same size as f, is pointing up and slightly to the left. Another similar sized arrow w is pointing straight down. A dotted red arrow extends from the red dot in the opposite direction of arrow N (down and to the right) and is the same size. Another short dotted red arrow extends from the tip of the first dotted red arrow to the tip of the w arrow and forms a right angle.
  1. Acceleration down the hill; the force due to being pushed, together with the downhill component of gravity, overcomes the opposing force of friction.
  2. Acceleration down the hill; friction is less than the opposing component of force due to gravity.
  3. No movement; friction is greater than the force due to being pushed.
  4. It depends on how strong the force due to friction is. p
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Source:  OpenStax, College physics for ap® courses. OpenStax CNX. Nov 04, 2016 Download for free at https://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11844/1.14
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