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1.1 An introduction to the human body Read Online
1.2 The chemical level of organization Read Online
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
Though you may approach a course in anatomy and physiology strictly as a requirement for your field of study, the knowledge you gain in this course will serve you well in many aspects of your life. An understanding of anatomy and physiology is not only fundamental to any career in the health professions, but it can also benefit your own health. Familiarity with the human body can help you make healthful choices and prompt you to take appropriate action when signs of illness arise. Your knowledge in this field will help you understand news about nutrition, medications, medical devices, and procedures and help you understand genetic or infectious diseases. At some point, everyone will have a problem with some aspect of his or her body and your knowledge can help you to be a better parent, spouse, partner, friend, colleague, or caregiver.
This chapter begins with an overview of anatomy and physiology and a preview of the body regions and functions. It then covers the characteristics of life and how the body works to maintain stable conditions. It introduces a set of standard terms for body structures and for planes and positions in the body that will serve as a foundation for more comprehensive information covered later in the text. It ends with examples of medical imaging used to see inside the living body.
Question: What attaches the cerebellum to the brain stem?
Choices:
Cerebral peduncles.
Vermis.
Cerebellar peduncles.
Tonsil.
Question: What part of the brain stem and cerebellum is NOT supplied by this artery in the posterior fossa? This angiogram is a lateral view with the rostrum to the left. The vertebral artery was injected.
Choices:
Lateral part of medulla.
Tonsillar region of cerebellum.
Inferior surface of posterior cerebellum.
Inferior cerebellar peduncle.
Pons.
Question: These nuclei are contralateral to the cerebellar hemisphere where their axons terminate.
Choices:
True.
False.
Question: What part of the cerebellum does this artery supply?
Choices:
Inferior surface.
Superior surface.
Tonsils.
Vermis.
Flocculonodular lobe.
Question: Which of the following are indications of cerebellar disturbance?
Choices:
Hypotonia.
Intention tremor.
Pendular knee jerk.
Scanning speech.
All of the above.
Question: What are the structural and functional relations between the cerebellar cortex and the deep, or central, nuclei?
Choices:
Deep nuclei receive input from Purkinje cells.
Deep nuclei receive input from mossy fibers.
Deep nuclei receive input from climbing fibers.
All of the above.
Question: What types of sensory endings, other than muscle spindles, convey information to the cerebellum via spinal cord tracts?
Choices:
Golgi tendon organs.
Mechanoreceptors.
Both.
Neither.
Question: Ataxia is defined as:
Choices:
Inability to perform rapidly alternating movements.
Error in the range of movement.
Lack of continuity in the execution of movements.
Error in the rate, force, and direction of movement.
Muscle weakness.
Question: How do the olivocerebellar axons terminate in the cerebellum?
Choices:
Mossy fibers.
Climbing fibers.
Basket cell axons.
Question: Where are the cell bodies of the axons that convey sensory information from this sense organ?
Choices:
Dorsal root ganglia.
Intermediolateral cell column or lateral horn.
Clarke's nucleus (or nucleus dorsalis of Clarke).
Ventral horn.
Question: The dorsal spinocerebellar tract is contralateral to its cell bodies.
Choices:
True.
False.