Solid state physics & Devices _the harbinger of third wave of  (Page 8/12)

1991AD- ARPANET was confined to exclusive clientele (DOD sponsored research). To

make the NET available to University Community at large, NSF(National

Science Foundation) connected his own NSFNET to ARPANET . This led to

exponential growth in the use of NET. In mid-90’s the collection of networks

was looked at as INTERNET.

1991AD- Until 1991, internet was largely populated by academic, government and

industrial researchers. Tim Bernes Lee developed Hyper Text Mark Up

Language (HTML) for easy file transfer and from here he was able to build up

World Wide Web (WWW). HTML is the lingua franca of WEB pages. This

made Internet useful for the whole populations – academic and non academic

both.

1992AD- Mobile Phones enter Digital Age. These are second generation (2G) mobiles.

1993 AD- PENTIUM I introduced . it had 3.1x10 ⁶ CMOS(Complementary Metal Oxide

Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) placed on one chip .

• it could perform 90MFLOPS, 5 IMES THE SPEED OF 80486.
• data bus 32 bits and address bus 32 bits
• clock rate 1500 times that of 4004 .

1995AD- WINDOW 95 was introduced . 1996AD- Multi-media Extension Pentium Chips (MMX) Chips launched. It had 5.5x10 ⁶

transistors (CMOS). It can perform 300MFLOPS and speed up multi media

processes.

1998AD- APPLE launches iMAC fully internet compatible.

1998AD- Global Positioning System (GPS) introduced by US Defence.

1999AD- IBM’s DEEP BLUE defeats Garry Kasporov (chess grand master). 200 million

different chess positions are examined per second.

1999AD- DVD(Digital Versatile Device )introduced with a memory space of 8 GB as

compared to 700MB in CD. DVD became a reality only after the invention of

Blue Laser Diode .

1999AD- HDTV(High Definition TV) introduced.

1999AD- WEB CAM (WEB camera ). Digital Camera connected to your computer. It

has a special drive which allows a picture to be taken every 10 seconds, turns

this into a standard file format and uploads to the server where your website is

stored . People can keep visiting the site and have a look at the photographs of the location as desired.

- Handheld Internet Access introduced;

- Hand held Personal Organizer introduced;

- MP3 standard is introduced for Digital Audio Compression.

2000AD- Blue Tooth Technology introduced . This Wireless Technology allows computers, phone hand sets and CD players to communicate and share data over a distance of 10m and less. Operating frequency 2.45GHz. Switches the operating frequency 1600 times per second . This is called Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum method. When Blue Tooth capable devices come within range of one another they have electronic conversations.

2001AD- Pentium IV chip introduced;

• Nano-electronics chip;

• It has 42 million transistors packed in an area of 1 cm by 1 cm;
• System Clock Rate is 2GHz;
• 20,000 more powerful than 4004 μP Chip;
• Cost Rs 15,000.00

2001AD- 23 ^rd October 2001, Apple iPod, the iconic device that defines our era as distinctively as the Sony Walkman defined 1980s. An entire ecosystem of goods and services have evolved around Apple iPod. Minispeakers can be plugged into it; microphones attachment can convert it into digital audio recorder; it can be turned into small radio transmitters that beam songs to the nearest FM radio; attachments can turn it into breadth analyzer. iPod plus iTunes turned out to be a grand success where other musical gadgets and soft-wares failed.