Solid state physics & Devices _the harbinger of third wave of  (Page 5/12)

transistor , system clock rate 108kHz, Cost $299.00 . In India it was available

for Rs.7500.00.

[A development contract from a Japanese Company , for a set of chips needed to power an electronic calculator , triggered off what became the world’s first computer-on-a-chip: the Microprocessor. 35 years ago, INTEL, a small Santa Clara (US) based manufacturer of memory and switching devices, unveiled a thumbnail-sized slab of silicon encased in a ceramic casing with 16 pins: this ushered in the era of Personal Computers, the era of Desk Top Computing and the era of FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTERS.

The contract with Busicom required INTEL to deliver the electronics for calculating machine, as a set of 12 custom built chips. The electrical engineer assigned to handle the task-Dr. Marcian “TED” Hoff , a PhD from the Stanford university-had an inspired thought. Why make a set of chips just for one application? Why not generalize the design so that other computing tools could be built with the same generalized design?

In the process ,Dr. Hoff also suggested that the composite elements of a computer , as it was then understood- a unit to do the arithmetic (ALU-Arithmetic-Logic-Unit), a small memory and input and output interface –could be combined in a single slap of silicon..

When Busicom had cash flow problems, INTEL bought back the design it had created and slipped the product into its own catalogue.

Intel μP 4004 was sold to Defence Establishment in India at a cost of Rs 7,000.00. Intel’s Indian Agent was Hyderabad based Electronics International which was later named as Microelectronics International]

1971AD- Texas Instruments marketed first pocket calculator 1kg in weight and price $150.00. It was too bulky.

1971- Electronic Mail or e-mail is invented by Ray Tomilinson.

• @ is introduced by Tomilinson to separate the User Name from domain name.
• Tomilison combined the existing mail program ‘SENDMSG’ that worked only within an organization with a file transfer program called ‘CPYNET’ to create an e-mail public utility between 15 computers within the organization and use the same on the existing ARPANET.
• The first e-mail; was “QWERTYUIOP”, the second row of the typewriter keyboard, sent by Tomilison.
• The first telegraphic message was sent by Samuel Morse in 1844. It was “What hath God wrought”.
• The first conversation carried out between Alexander Graham Bell and his assistant Watson in 1876 was, “Mr. Watson comes here. I want you.”.
• Founder of Hotmail got the idea of accessing email via the web from a computer anywhere in the world. When Sabeer Bahtia came up with the business plan for the mail service , he tried all kinds of names ending in ‘mail’ and finally settled for Hotmail as it included the letters “html’(hyper text mark up language), the programming language used to write web pages .It was finally referred to as HoTMaiL with selective upper casings.

1972AD- first 8 bit μP 8008 introduced by intel.

1973AD- May 22, ETHERNET IEEE 802.3standards for LOCAL AREA NETWORK were born.