This module describes how to find the Thevenin and Norton
equivalent circuits of an RLC circuit and sources.
When we have circuits with capacitors and/or inductors as wellas resistors and sources, Thévenin and Mayer-Norton
equivalent circuits can still be defined by using impedances andcomplex amplitudes for voltage and currents. For any circuit
containing sources, resistors, capacitors, and inductors, theinput-output relation for the
complex amplitudes of
the terminal voltage and current is
with
.
Thus, we have Thévenin and Mayer-Norton equivalentcircuits as shown in
[link] .
Let's find the Thévenin and Mayer-Norton equivalent circuitsfor
[link] . The open-circuit voltage and
short-circuit current techniques still work, except we useimpedances and complex amplitudes. The open-circuit voltage
corresponds to the transfer function we have alreadyfound. When we short the terminals, the capacitor no longer
has any effect on the circuit, and the short-circuit current
equals
.
The equivalent impedance can be found by setting the source tozero, and finding the impedance using series and parallel
combination rules. In our case, the resistor and capacitor arein parallel once the voltage source is removed (setting it to
zero amounts to replacing it with a short-circuit). Thus,
.
Consequently, we have
Again, we should check the units of our answer. Note in
particular that
must be dimensionless. Is it?
Bacteria doesn't produce energy they are dependent upon their substrate in case of lack of nutrients they are able to make spores which helps them to sustain in harsh environments
_Adnan
But not all bacteria make spores, l mean Eukaryotic cells have Mitochondria which acts as powerhouse for them, since bacteria don't have it, what is the substitution for it?
Assimilatory nitrate reduction is a process that occurs in some microorganisms, such as bacteria and archaea, in which nitrate (NO3-) is reduced to nitrite (NO2-), and then further reduced to ammonia (NH3).
Elkana
This process is called assimilatory nitrate reduction because the nitrogen that is produced is incorporated in the cells of microorganisms where it can be used in the synthesis of amino acids and other nitrogen products
There are nothing like emergency disease but there are some common medical emergency which can occur simultaneously like Bleeding,heart attack,Breathing difficulties,severe pain heart stock.Hope you will get my point .Have a nice day ❣️
_Adnan
define infection ,prevention and control
Innocent
I think infection prevention and control is the avoidance of all things we do that gives out break of infections and promotion of health practices that promote life