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objective lenses on a light microscope, the lenses closest to the specimen, typically located at the ends of turrets
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obligate aerobe organism that requires oxygen for growth
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obligate anaerobe organism that dies in the presence of oxygen
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obligate intracellular pathogen microorganism that cannot synthesize its own ATP and, therefore, must rely on a host cell for energy; behaves like a parasite when inside a host cell, but is metabolically inactive outside of a host cell
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observational study a type of scientific study that involves measurement of study subjects on variables hypothesized to be associated with the outcome of interest, but without any manipulation of the subjects
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ocular lens on a microscope, the lens closest to the eye (also called an eyepiece)
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oil immersion lens a special objective lens on a microscope designed to be used with immersion oil to improve resolution
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Okazaki fragment short fragment of DNA made during lagging strand synthesis
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oligopeptide peptide having up to approximately 20 amino acids
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oligotroph organism capable of living in low-nutrient environments
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opacity the property of absorbing or blocking light
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operator DNA sequence located between the promoter region and the first coding gene to which a repressor protein can bind
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operon a group of genes with related functions often found clustered together within the prokaryotic chromosome and transcribed under the control of a single promoter and operator repression sequence
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ophthalmia neonatorum inflammation of the conjunctiva in newborns caused by
Neisseria gonorrhoeae transmitted during childbirth
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opisthotonos characteristic symptom of tetanus that results in uncontrolled muscular spasms and backward arching of the neck and spine
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opportunistic pathogen microorganism that can cause disease in individuals with compromised host defenses
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opsonin any molecule that binds to and coats the outside of a pathogen, identifying it for destruction by phagocytes (examples include antibodies and the complement proteins C3b and C4b)
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opsonization process of coating a pathogen with a chemical substance (an opsonin) that allows phagocytic cells to recognize, engulf, and destroy the pathogen more easily
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optimum growth pH the pH at which an organism grows best
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optimum growth temperature the temperature at which a microorganism’s growth rate is highest
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optimum oxygen concentration the ideal concentration of oxygen for a particular microorganism
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oral herpes an infection caused by herpes simplex virus that results in cold sores, most commonly on and around the lips
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oral thrush
Candida infection of the mouth
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orchitis inflammation of one or both of the testes
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organic molecule composed primarily of carbon; typically contains at least one carbon atom bound to one or more hydrogen atoms
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organotroph chemotroph that uses organic molecules as its electron source; also known as chemoheterotroph
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origin of replication specific nucleotide sequence where replication begins
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oropharynx area where air entering mouth enters the pharynx
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osmosis diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane
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osmotic pressure the force or pressure generated by water diffusing across a semipermeable membrane, driven by differences in solute concentration across the membrane
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osteomyelitis inflammation of bone tissue
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otitis externa an infection of the external ear canal, most commonly caused by
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; often called swimmer’s ear
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otitis inflammation of the ear
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otitis media with effusion accumulation of fluid inside the middle ear with or without infection
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Ouchterlony assay test in which antigen and antisera are added to neighboring wells in an agar gel, allowing visualization of precipitin arcs
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outer membrane a phospholipid bilayer external to the peptidoglycan layer found in gram-negative cell walls
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oxazolidinones class of synthetic protein synthesis inhibitors that interfere with formation of the initiation complex for translation and prevent translocation of the growing protein from the ribosomal A site to the P site
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oxidation reaction chemical reaction that removes electrons (often as part of H atoms) from donor molecules, leaving them oxidized
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oxidative phosphorylation mechanism for making ATP that uses the potential energy stored within an electrochemical gradient to add P
i to ADP
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oxygenic photosynthesis type of photosynthesis found in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, and in which H
2 O is used as the electron donor to replace an electron lost by a reaction center pigment, resulting in oxygen as a byproduct
Questions & Answers
how does Neisseria cause meningitis
is the branch of biology that deals with the study of microorganisms.
studies of microbes
Louisiaste
when we takee the specimen which lumbar,spin,
How bacteria create energy to survive?
Bacteria doesn't produce energy they are dependent upon their substrate in case of lack of nutrients they are able to make spores which helps them to sustain in harsh environments
_Adnan
But not all bacteria make spores, l mean Eukaryotic cells have Mitochondria which acts as powerhouse for them, since bacteria don't have it, what is the substitution for it?
Muhamad
they make spores
Louisiaste
what is sporadic nd endemic, epidemic
the significance of food webs for disease transmission
Abreham
food webs brings about an infection as an individual depends on number of diseased foods or carriers dully.
Mark
explain assimilatory nitrate reduction
Assimilatory nitrate reduction is a process that occurs in some microorganisms, such as bacteria and archaea, in which nitrate (NO3-) is reduced to nitrite (NO2-), and then further reduced to ammonia (NH3).
Elkana
This process is called assimilatory nitrate reduction because the nitrogen that is produced is incorporated in the cells of microorganisms where it can be used in the synthesis of amino acids and other nitrogen products
Elkana
Examples of thermophilic organisms
Give Examples of thermophilic organisms
Shu
advantages of normal Flora to the host
Prevent foreign microbes to the host
Abubakar
they provide healthier benefits to their hosts
ayesha
They are friends to host only when Host immune system is strong and become enemies when the host immune system is weakened . very bad relationship!
Mark
cell is the smallest unit of life
Fauziya
cell is the smallest unit of life
Akanni
cell is the structural and functional unit of life
Hasan
is the fundamental units of Life
Musa
what are emergency diseases
There are nothing like emergency disease but there are some common medical emergency which can occur simultaneously like Bleeding,heart attack,Breathing difficulties,severe pain heart stock.Hope you will get my point .Have a nice day ❣️
_Adnan
define infection ,prevention and control
Innocent
I think infection prevention and control is the avoidance of all things we do that gives out break of infections and promotion of health practices that promote life
Lubega
Heyy Lubega hussein where are u from?
_Adnan
which site have a normal flora
Many sites of the body have it
Skin
Nasal cavity
Oral cavity
Gastro intestinal tract
Safaa
skin,Oral,Nasal,GIt
Sadik
How can Commensal can Bacteria change into pathogen?
Sadik
How can Commensal Bacteria change into pathogen?
Sadik
what are the advantages of normal Flora to the host
Micheal
what are the ways of control and prevention of nosocomial infection in the hospital
Micheal
part of a tissue or an organ being wounded or bruised.
Wilfred
what term is used to name and classify microorganisms?
Binomial nomenclature
adeolu
Source:
OpenStax, Microbiology. OpenStax CNX. Nov 01, 2016 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col12087/1.4
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