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Natuurwetenskappe

Graad 9

Die aarde, sterrestelsels en ruimteprogramme

Module 17

Ruimteprogramme

  • Die ruimte-era het op 4 Oktober 1957 vir die mens begin toe Sputnik I deur die voormalige Sowjet-Unie gelanseer is.
  • Dit het bestaan uit ’n eenvoudige metaalbal wat slegs 84 kg geweeg het en ’n radiosender en ’n termometer bevat het.
  • Vandag is daar amper elke week die een of ander lansering.
  • Konstantin Tsoilkovsky (1857-1935) was ’n wiskunde-onderwyser wat lank gelede al die moontlikhede van vuurpyle, ruimtestasies en satelliete gesien het.
  • Die Amerikaners het egter met hul Apollo-sendings dit moontlik gemaak om die eerste persoon op die maan te laat loop. Dit het op 20 Julie 1969 moontlik geword met die Apollo 11-sending. Almal ken die woorde van Neil Armstrong: “One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.”
  • Ontledings, metings en rotsfragmente het meer lig gewerp op ons kennis van ons eie maan.
  • Die “Near Shoemaker”-sending het dit vir die Amerikaners moontlik gemaak om suksesvol met ’n tuig op EROS (’n goot komeetfragment) te land (baie soos die dramatiese voorstelling in die rolprent “Deep Impact”).
  • Die Amerikaners se pendeltuie het ’n nuwe era van tegnologie ten opsigte van rekenaar­programme, spesiale metale en materiale, satellietlanserings en vele ander ontsluit.
  • Groot rampe het hulle egter ook al afgespeel in die strewe na die bemeestering van ruimte. So het twee Amerikaanse pendeltuie al tot op hede ontplof – eers Challenger in Januarie 1986 (tydens lansering) en onlangs Columbia op 1 Februarie 2003. Columbia was die oudste van die tuie en was op sy 28ste vlug. Dit was die Amerikaners se 113de vlug en die eerste tragedie tydens ’n landingsprosedure.
  • Ons eie Suid-Afrikaanse internetmagnaat, Mark Shuttleworth , het op 25 April 2002 groot nuus gemaak deur die eerste Afrikaan in die ruimte te wees.
  • Duisende Suid-Afrikaners en leerders het daagliks sy webruimte gelees en die artikels en nuus vanuit die ruimte verslind.
  • Sy missie was om sekere eksperimente op die internasionale ruimtestasie (IRS) uit te voer en terselfdertyd waardevolle ervaring op te doen.
  • Hier volg ’n kort uiteensetting van die sending:

Man uit afrika in ruimte

  • OP 25 April word die Sojoes TM 34-vuurpyl van die Russiese ruimtesentrum by Baikonoer in Kazachstan gelanseer. Aan boord is Mark, Joeri Gidzenko en die Italianer Roberto Vittori.
  • Kort na lansering gooi die vuurpyl sy brokstukke af en na ’n sukesvolle reis bereik die tuig twee dae later die Internasionale Ruimtestasie (IRS).
  • Mark en sy reisgenote bring agt dae aan boord van die IRS deur en word saam deur duisende in die Suid-Afrikaanse hemelruim dopgehou.
  • Mark voer verskeie belangrike navorsingeksperimente namens vooraanstande wetenskaplikes uit en win so belangrike navorsingsresultate en inligting in.
  • Die span verlaat die IRS op 5 Mei 2002 en keer met ’n TM 33-Sojoes terug.
  • Mark en sy makkers land veilig met die landingstuig wat met ’n valskermaksie aarde toe rem nadat dit deur die atmosfeer gebreek het.

Aktiwiteit 1:

Om ‘n mini-opstel oor mark shuttleworth se ruimte-avontuur te skryf

Besoek www.africaninspace.com en skryf ’n mini opstel oor die waarde van Mark se eksperimente waarby hy in die ruimte betrokke was vir die mensdom.

Questions & Answers

how does Neisseria cause meningitis
Nyibol Reply
what is microbiologist
Muhammad Reply
what is errata
Muhammad
is the branch of biology that deals with the study of microorganisms.
Ntefuni Reply
What is microbiology
Mercy Reply
studies of microbes
Louisiaste
when we takee the specimen which lumbar,spin,
Ziyad Reply
How bacteria create energy to survive?
Muhamad Reply
Bacteria doesn't produce energy they are dependent upon their substrate in case of lack of nutrients they are able to make spores which helps them to sustain in harsh environments
_Adnan
But not all bacteria make spores, l mean Eukaryotic cells have Mitochondria which acts as powerhouse for them, since bacteria don't have it, what is the substitution for it?
Muhamad
they make spores
Louisiaste
what is sporadic nd endemic, epidemic
Aminu Reply
the significance of food webs for disease transmission
Abreham
food webs brings about an infection as an individual depends on number of diseased foods or carriers dully.
Mark
explain assimilatory nitrate reduction
Esinniobiwa Reply
Assimilatory nitrate reduction is a process that occurs in some microorganisms, such as bacteria and archaea, in which nitrate (NO3-) is reduced to nitrite (NO2-), and then further reduced to ammonia (NH3).
Elkana
This process is called assimilatory nitrate reduction because the nitrogen that is produced is incorporated in the cells of microorganisms where it can be used in the synthesis of amino acids and other nitrogen products
Elkana
Examples of thermophilic organisms
Shu Reply
Give Examples of thermophilic organisms
Shu
advantages of normal Flora to the host
Micheal Reply
Prevent foreign microbes to the host
Abubakar
they provide healthier benefits to their hosts
ayesha
They are friends to host only when Host immune system is strong and become enemies when the host immune system is weakened . very bad relationship!
Mark
what is cell
faisal Reply
cell is the smallest unit of life
Fauziya
cell is the smallest unit of life
Akanni
ok
Innocent
cell is the structural and functional unit of life
Hasan
is the fundamental units of Life
Musa
what are emergency diseases
Micheal Reply
There are nothing like emergency disease but there are some common medical emergency which can occur simultaneously like Bleeding,heart attack,Breathing difficulties,severe pain heart stock.Hope you will get my point .Have a nice day ❣️
_Adnan
define infection ,prevention and control
Innocent
I think infection prevention and control is the avoidance of all things we do that gives out break of infections and promotion of health practices that promote life
Lubega
Heyy Lubega hussein where are u from?
_Adnan
en français
Adama
which site have a normal flora
ESTHER Reply
Many sites of the body have it Skin Nasal cavity Oral cavity Gastro intestinal tract
Safaa
skin
Asiina
skin,Oral,Nasal,GIt
Sadik
How can Commensal can Bacteria change into pathogen?
Sadik
How can Commensal Bacteria change into pathogen?
Sadik
all
Tesfaye
by fussion
Asiina
what are the advantages of normal Flora to the host
Micheal
what are the ways of control and prevention of nosocomial infection in the hospital
Micheal
what is inflammation
Shelly Reply
part of a tissue or an organ being wounded or bruised.
Wilfred
what term is used to name and classify microorganisms?
Micheal Reply
Binomial nomenclature
adeolu
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Source:  OpenStax, Natuurwetenskappe graad 9. OpenStax CNX. Sep 15, 2009 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11068/1.1
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