Xna game studio

OpenStax

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Xna0095-preface

0.1 Preface to XNA Game Studio Collection

1 Xna0100-getting started

1.1 Table of Contents

1.3 Viewing tip

1.6 Download and installation instructions

1.7 Introduction

1.8 Software upgrade

1.9 XNA installation instructions

1.10 Cleaning off the old software

1.11 Downloading Microsoft Visual C# 2010 Express Edition

1.12 Preparing the ISO file for software installation

1.13 Installing Microsoft Visual C# 2010 Express Edition

1.14 Downloading and installing XNA 4.0 Refresh

1.15 Test your installation

1.16 Skeleton code

1.17 Run your program

1.18 Run your program outside the IDE

1.19 Run my program

1.20 Miscellaneous

2 Xna0102-what is c# and why should you care

3 Xna0104-what is oop and why should you care?

3.1 Table of Contents

3.3 Viewing tip

3.6 What is OOP?

3.7 What is object-oriented programming (OOP)?

3.9 An anecdotal description

3.10 Atomic and non-atomic objects

3.11 Your job - assemble the objects

3.12 Objects working together

3.13 Creating a model

3.14 Objects must be designed and manufactured

3.15 A class is analogous to manufacturing drawings

3.16 A large library of classes

3.17 Classes of your own design

3.18 Why should you care about OOP?

3.19 The XNA documentation package is huge

3.20 The good news

3.21 Three important concepts

3.22 Encapsulation example

3.23 Only the interface is exposed

3.24 How is it implemented?

3.25 Expose the interface and hide the implementation

3.26 Inheritance example

3.28 Extending the Game class

3.29 Reuse, don't reinvent

3.30 Polymorphism example

3.31 Select Drive to go forward

3.32 Object-oriented programming vocabulary

3.33 Discussion and sample code

3.34 You can learn a lot...

3.35 A new class definition

3.36 The Main method

3.37 Methods versus functions

3.38 Definition of the Main method

3.39 The WriteLine method

3.40 The Console class

3.41 The System namespace

3.42 Members of the Console class

3.43 The dot operator

3.44 Namespaces

3.45 The "using" declaration

3.46 Not much help in this case

3.47 Defining your own namespace

3.48 The project file structure

3.49 The Hello01 namespace

3.50 The call to the ReadKey method

3.51 Run the program

3.52 Run my program

3.54 Miscellaneous

4 Xna0106-encapsulation in c#

4.1 Table of Contents

4.3 The three main characteristics of an object-oriented program

4.4 Viewing tip

4.7 General background information

4.8 Abstraction

4.9 How does abstraction relate to encapsulation?

4.10 Some analogies

4.11 A new type

4.12 Already known to the compiler

4.13 Not known to the compiler

4.14 Define data representation and behavior in a class

4.15 Create instances of the new type

4.16 Objects have state and behavior

4.17 The state and behavior of a GUI Button object

4.18 A C# class named Button

4.19 The state of Button objects

4.20 The behavior of a Button object

4.21 Encapsulation

4.22 Expose the interface and hide the implementation

4.23 Should be able to change the implementation later

4.24 Class member access control

4.25 Five levels of access control

4.26 A different interpretation

4.27 What is an assembly?

4.28 Public, private, and protected

4.29 A public user interface

4.30 A set Accessor method

4.31 A get Accessor method

4.32 Not a good design by default

4.33 Not bound to the implementation

4.35 Discussion and sample code

4.36 Will explain in fragments

4.37 Two classes

4.38 Will switch between classes

4.39 The declarations

4.40 Beginning of the class named Props01

4.41 Access a public instance variable in the object

4.42 Store a string value in the object's instance variable

4.43 Get and display the value in the object's instance variable

4.44 Beginning of the class named TargetClass

4.45 Declare a public instance variable

4.46 Different kinds of variables

4.47 Instance variables

4.48 The public access modifier

4.49 The private access modifier

4.50 The protected access modifier

4.51 Local variables

4.52 Class variables

4.53 More bad programming practice

4.54 Reference variables

4.55 Primitive variables

4.56 An analogy

4.57 Call the object's public accessor methods

4.58 The setColor method

4.59 The getColor method

4.60 Would be a property in Java

4.61 The definition of setColor and getColor in TargetClass

4.62 Typical method definitions

4.63 Data validation

4.64 What do you do with invalid data

4.65 Program output

4.66 Set, get, and display a property value with a valid value

4.67 Looks can be deceiving

4.68 A set Accessor method

4.69 A get Accessor method

4.70 The set Accessor and get Accessor methods for the property named height

4.71 A hidden parameter named value

4.72 Validating code

4.73 A read-only property

4.74 Little more to say about this

4.75 Call manipulator method and display results

4.76 A manipulator method named doubleHeight

4.77 Set and get the property with an invalid value

4.78 Pause until the user presses any key

4.79 The end of the program

4.80 Run the program

4.81 Run my program

4.83 Miscellaneous

4.84 Complete program listing

5 Xna0108-inheritance in c#

5.1 Table of Contents

5.3 The three main characteristics of an object-oriented program

5.4 Viewing tip

5.7 General background information

5.8 A new class can extend an existing class

5.9 What is inherited?

5.10 The superclass remains viable

5.11 A hierarchy of classes

5.12 Members of the System.Object class

5.13 The Button class

5.14 The Object class is the default superclass

5.15 An orderly hierarchy

5.16 The airship hierarchy

5.17 The Balloon class

5.18 The Airplane class

5.19 Three types of objects

5.20 From the general to the specialized

5.21 Single and multiple inheritance

5.22 The ISA relationship

5.23 The HASA relationship

5.25 The airship hierarchy

5.26 Discussion and sample code

5.27 Will explain in fragments

5.28 Four class definitions

5.29 The Airship class

5.30 The Balloon class

5.31 The new material

5.32 The effect of extending a class

5.33 Airship extends Object

5.34 The beginning of the Driver class

5.35 Code common to all four classes

5.36 Instantiate a new Balloon object

5.37 Set properties in the Balloon object

5.38 Get and display property values

5.39 The program output

5.40 The remaining code

5.42 Run the program

5.43 Run my program

5.45 Miscellaneous

5.46 Complete program listing

6 Xna0110-polymorphism based on overloaded methods

6.1 Table of Contents

6.3 The three main characteristics of an object-oriented program

6.4 Viewing tip

6.7 General background information

6.8 What is polymorphism?

6.9 How does C# implement polymorphism?

6.10 The class named Object

6.11 Multiple methods with the same name

6.12 Compile-time and runtime polymorphism, what's the difference?

6.13 Every class extends some other class

6.14 A class hierarchy

6.15 Methods in the Object class

6.16 Some methods are overloaded

6.17 Some methods are meant to be overridden

6.18 Some methods are meant to be used as is

6.19 Three distinct forms of polymorphism

6.20 Method overloading

6.21 Duplicate method names

6.22 Compile-time polymorphism

6.23 Selection based on the argument list

6.25 Keeping it short and simple

6.26 A sample program

6.27 Within the class and the hierarchy

6.28 Class B extends class A, which extends Object

6.29 Designed to illustrate method overloading

6.30 Discussion and sample code

6.31 Will discuss in fragments

6.32 The class named A

6.33 Redundant code

6.34 The method named m()

6.35 The class named B

6.36 Overloaded methods

6.37 The driver class

6.38 Call all three overloaded methods

6.39 One version is inherited

6.40 Two versions defined in class B

6.41 The output

6.42 Parameters are not displayed

6.43 Run the program

6.44 Run my program

6.46 Miscellaneous

6.47 Complete program listing

7 Xna0112-type conversion, casting, and assignment compatibility

8 Xna0114-runtime polymorphism through class inheritance

8.1 Table of Contents

8.3 Viewing tip

8.5 General background information

8.6 What is polymorphism?

8.7 How does C# implement polymorphism?

8.8 The essence of runtime polymorphic behavior

8.9 The decision process

8.10 Late binding

8.11 Operational description of runtime polymorphism

8.12 Runtime polymorphism is very powerful

8.13 An important attribute of runtime polymorphism

8.14 Why is it called runtime polymorphism?

8.15 Why defer the decision?

8.16 Could be either type

8.18 Discussion and sample code

8.19 The class named A

8.20 A virtual method

8.21 Behavior of the virtual method

8.22 The class named B

8.23 The override declaration

8.24 A compiler warning

8.25 Overriding versus hiding

8.26 Behavior of the overridden method

8.27 The driver class

8.28 A new object of the class B

8.29 Downcast and call the method

8.30 Which version was executed?

8.31 Why was this version executed?

8.32 Not runtime polymorphic behavior

8.33 This is runtime polymorphic behavior

8.34 The method output

8.35 Very important

8.36 Another invocation of the method

8.37 Compiler error

8.38 Some important rules

8.39 Necessary, but not sufficient

8.40 Must define or inherit the method

8.41 One additional scenario

8.42 A new object of type A

8.43 Downcast and call the method

8.44 The output

8.45 Not polymorphic behavior

8.46 Once again, what is runtime polymorphism?

8.47 Run the program

8.48 Run my program

8.50 Miscellaneous

8.51 Complete program listing

9 Xna0116-runtime polymorphism and the object class

9.1 Table of Contents

9.3 Viewing tip

9.6 General background information

9.7 The generic type Object

9.8 References of type Object

9.9 Methods in the Object class

9.10 The difference between string and String

9.11 Every class inherits these methods

9.12 To be overridden...

9.13 Calling methods of the Object class

9.14 And the behavior will be...

9.16 Discussion and sample code

9.17 The class named A

9.18 Does not override the ToString method

9.19 The class named B

9.20 Overrides the ToString method

9.21 Purpose of the ToString method

9.22 Can be overridden

9.23 Behavior of the default and overridden versions

9.24 Will be useful later

9.25 The class named C

9.26 Behavior of overridden version

9.27 The driver class

9.28 A new object of the class A

9.29 Call ToString method on the reference

9.30 Display the returned String

9.31 Default ToString behavior

9.32 Class A does not override ToString

9.33 A new object of the class B

9.34 Call ToString and display the result

9.35 Do you recognize this?

9.36 Overridden version of ToString was executed

9.37 Once again, what is the rule?

9.38 An object of the class C

9.39 What will the output look like?

9.40 Overridden version of ToString was called

9.41 No downcasting was required

9.42 A generic array object

9.43 Collections

9.44 Run the program

9.45 Run my program

9.47 Miscellaneous

9.48 Complete program listing

10 Xna0118-the xna framework and the game class

10.1 Table of Contents

10.3 Moving from C# to XNA

10.4 My objective

10.5 Fasten your seatbelt

10.6 Viewing tip

10.9 General background information

10.10 A software framework

10.11 What is a software framework?

10.12 New project choices in Visual C#

10.13 A Console Application

10.14 Start debugging

10.15 The Main method

10.16 The starting point for a Console Application

10.17 A Windows Game Application

10.18 Source code files

10.19 Build and debug

10.20 The file named Program.cs

10.21 Instantiate a Game1 object and call the Run method

10.22 What do we know about the class named Game1?

10.23 The using directive

10.24 Memory management

10.25 Don't modify the file named Program.cs

10.26 The Game1 class

10.27 How to create a game

10.28 Game1 extends Game

10.29 Main method calls the Run method

10.30 The Run method

10.31 Override five methods

10.32 Initialization

10.33 The game loop

10.34 Override Update for game logic

10.35 Override the Draw method

10.37 Program output

10.38 What if you don't honor the transparent background?

10.39 Not a very exciting program

10.40 Discussion and sample code

10.41 Creating a new Windows Game project

10.42 Step 1: Create a new Windows Game project named XNA0118Proj

10.43 Select a Windows Game project

10.44 Step 2: Add your image file to the Content folder

10.45 Add your image to the Content folder

10.46 The Asset Name

10.47 Steps 3, 4, and 5: Write code

10.48 Modify two overridden methods

10.49 Will discuss in fragments

10.50 Beginning of the class named Game1

10.51 The namespace

10.52 General information

10.53 The superclass named Game

10.54 Overridden methods

10.55 The game loop

10.56 The big picture

10.57 The constructor for the Game1 class

10.58 What is a constructor?

10.59 A new GraphicsDeviceManager object

10.60 Passing the this keyword as a parameter

10.61 The ContentManager

10.62 When the constructor in Listing 5 terminates...

10.63 The Run method of the Game class

10.64 The BeginRun method

10.65 The game loop

10.66 The overridden LoadContent method

10.67 Two new instance variables

10.68 The Texture2D class

10.69 The SurfaceFormat enumeration

10.70 The Texture Format of my image

10.71 A new SpriteBatch object

10.72 The SpriteBatch class

10.73 This can be confusing

10.74 The inherited property

10.75 The new code

10.76 Generic methods

10.77 Required syntax for the Load method

10.78 What do the angle brackets mean?

10.79 Calling the Load method of the current ContentManager

10.80 Populate the variable named myTexture

10.81 The Vector2 structure

10.82 The overridden Game.Draw method

10.83 Game loop timing

10.84 More general information

10.85 What is a sprite?

10.86 What is a bitmap?

10.87 What is GDI+?

10.88 What about our image?

10.89 Beginning of the Game.Draw method

10.90 GameTime information

10.91 The call to the GraphicsDevice.Clear method

10.92 The Color class

10.93 Type ARGB

10.94 Constructors, methods, and constants

10.95 Code to draw the sprite

10.96 Honor the alpha values

10.97 Ignore the alpha values

10.98 Drawing the sprite(s)

10.99 Overloaded Draw methods

10.100 The SpriteBatch.End method

10.101 Call Game.Draw on the superclass

10.102 Execute both versions of the overridden method

10.103 A required statement

10.104 The end of the program

10.105 Run the program

10.106 Run my program

10.108 Miscellaneous

10.109 Complete program listing

11 Xna0120-moving your sprite and using the debug class

11.1 Table of Contents

11.3 Viewing tip

11.6 General background information

11.7 Skeleton code

11.8 Override some or all of five methods

11.10 Moving and bouncing sprite

11.11 The Debug class

11.12 Discussion and sample code

11.13 Making the sprite move

11.14 The game loop

11.15 Distance to move

11.16 How often is the Update method called?

11.17 If the IsFixedTimeStep property is false...

11.18 If the IsFixedTimeStep property is true...

11.19 If the Draw method is not called...

11.20 The overridden Update method

11.21 Xbox 360 code

11.22 Test for sprite out of bounds horizontally

11.23 Test for a collision of the sprite with an edge

11.24 Test for sprite out of bounds vertically

11.25 Change the current position of the sprite

11.26 Move to the right and down

11.27 Reverse the direction of motion

11.28 No visible movement at this time

11.29 The remainder of the overridden Update method

11.30 Using the Debug class

11.31 Namespace considerations

11.32 Overridden LoadContent method

11.33 Overloaded WriteLine methods

11.34 Execute once only

11.35 The output

11.36 Run the program

11.37 Run my program

11.39 Miscellaneous

11.40 Complete program listing

12 Xna0122-frame animation using a sprite sheet

12.1 Table of Contents

12.3 Viewing tip

12.6 General background information

12.7 A sprite sheet

12.8 Hundreds of sprite images

12.9 Frame animation

12.10 Downloading the sprite sheet

12.12 Discussion and sample code

12.13 The class named Game1

12.14 The modified constructor for the Game1 class

12.15 The overridden LoadContent method

12.16 Load the image

12.17 Initialization of variables

12.18 spriteCol and spriteRow

12.19 frameWidth and frameHeight

12.20 msPerFrame

12.21 spriteEffect

12.23 The overridden Update method

12.24 The update method is fairly complex

12.25 The animation frame rate

12.26 Many drawings will be repeated

12.27 The GameTime parameter

12.28 The ElapsedGameTime property

12.29 The TimeSpan structure

12.30 Accumulate and compare elapsed time

12.31 Compute the location of the sprite to draw

12.32 The overall animation cycle

12.33 Two animation cycles from the bottom row of sprite images

12.34 Pause and animate in the same location

12.35 Some complex logic

12.36 Adjust column and row counters

12.37 Increment the column counter and compare

12.38 Execute the pause sequence if it is time for it

12.39 The conditional clause

12.40 Set the row counter to 1

12.41 Increment the pauseSequenceCnt

12.42 Adjust sprite position and frame rate

12.43 More complex logic

12.45 The slide variable

12.46 The sign of the variable named slide

12.47 Move the sprite image back and forth across the game window

12.48 Test for a collision with an edge

12.49 The spriteEffect variable

12.50 The overridden Draw method

12.51 Begin the drawing process

12.52 Call the SpriteBatch.Draw method

12.53 The first two parameters

12.54 Three interesting parameters

12.55 The remaining four parameters

12.56 The rectangle

12.57 The upper left corner of the rectangle

12.58 The width and the height of the rectangle

12.59 The horizontal and vertical scale factors

12.60 A new object

12.61 Four times larger

12.62 Causing the sprite to face in the correct direction

12.63 Call the SpriteBatch.End method

12.64 The visual frame rate

12.65 The fast frame rate

12.66 The slow frame rate

12.67 Avoid flicker but animate more slowly

12.68 The end of the program

12.69 Run the program

12.70 Run my program

12.72 Miscellaneous

12.73 Complete program listing

13 Xna0124-using background images and color key transparency

14 Xna0126-using oop - a simple sprite class

14.1 Table of Contents

14.3 Viewing tip

14.6 General background information

14.7 The three pillars of OOP

14.8 Wanted, lots of sprites

14.9 Encapsulation to the rescue

14.11 Demonstrate how to use the Sprite class

14.12 Instantiate Sprite objects on the move

14.13 Seven Sprite objects

14.14 Move to the right and down

14.15 Discussion and sample code

14.16 The Sprite class

14.17 Two instance variables and a property accessor method

14.18 Two overloaded constructors

14.19 No image when instantiated

14.20 Image loaded during construction

14.21 The first parameter

14.22 The second parameter

14.23 Loading the image

14.24 The SetImage method

14.25 Load an image into a Sprite object

14.26 The parameters and the body

14.27 The Draw method of the Sprite class

14.28 A single parameter

14.29 The body of the Sprite.Draw method

14.30 The end of the class

14.31 The Game1 class

14.32 The generic List class

14.33 The modified Game1 constructor

14.34 The overridden LoadContent method

14.35 A new Sprite object

14.36 List capacity considerations

14.37 Assign an image to the Sprite object

14.38 The overridden Update method

14.39 The Count property of the List object

14.40 The remaining 23 Sprite objects

14.41 Adding Sprite object references to the list

14.42 Instantiate new Sprite objects

14.43 The modulus operator

14.44 Every eighth iteration

14.45 Even and odd sprite images

14.46 Make all the existing sprites move

14.47 Use a for loop

14.48 Put a new value in the Position property

14.49 Load a green ball image in the topmost Sprite object

14.50 Maintain the frame counter

14.51 The end of the overridden Update method

14.52 The overridden Game1.Draw method

14.53 Draw all Sprite objects

14.54 Call the SpriteBatch.Draw method

14.55 The end of the Game1.Draw method

14.56 Run the program

14.57 Run my program

14.59 Miscellaneous

14.60 Complete program listing

15 Xna0128-improving the sprite class

15.1 Table of Contents

15.3 Viewing tip

15.6 General background information

15.8 The screen output

15.9 Lots and lots of sprites

15.10 Discussion and sample code

15.11 The Sprite class

15.12 Properties

15.13 Other instance variables

15.14 The first three property accessor methods

15.15 The property accessor method for Speed

15.16 The set side

15.17 The get side

15.18 The constructor

15.19 Load an image

15.20 A random number generator

15.21 The SetImage method

15.22 The Move method

15.23 To move or not to move

15.24 Keeping up on the average

15.25 Code in the body of the if statement

15.26 Add the direction vector to the position vector

15.27 A collision with an edge of the game window

15.28 Modify the position and call the NewDirection method

15.29 The end of the Move method

15.30 The method named NewDirection

15.31 The length of the direction vector and the signs of the components

15.32 Compute the hypotenuse

15.33 Use the conditional operator

15.34 Compute components of a new direction vector

15.35 Compute a new random value for the X component

15.36 Compute a consistent value for the Y component

15.37 Adjust the signs of the X and Y components

15.38 A new direction vector with the same length in the same quadrant

15.39 The Draw method

15.40 The end of the Sprite class

15.41 The Game1 class

15.42 Instance variables

15.43 The modified constructor

15.44 The overridden LoadContent method

15.45 Instantiate all of the space rock sprites

15.46 Call the Sprite constructor

15.47 Set the property values

15.48 Instantiate and set properties on the power pills and the UFOs

15.49 The private DirectionVector method

15.50 Return a direction vector

15.51 The signs of the components

15.52 The overridden Update method

15.53 Very simple code

15.54 To move or not to move, that is the question

15.55 A characteristic of an object-oriented program

15.56 The overridden Game.Draw method

15.57 Erase and redraw the entire game window

15.58 Not the same approach as some other game engines

15.59 The end of the program

15.60 Run the program

15.61 Run my program

15.63 What's next?

15.64 Miscellaneous

15.65 Complete program listing

16 Xna0130-collision detection

16.1 Table of Contents

16.3 Viewing tip

16.6 General background information

16.7 Another improvement

16.8 Definition of a collision

16.10 An epic battle

16.11 Spider and ladybug motion

16.12 The spiders don't die easily

16.13 The death blow

16.14 Output screen images

16.15 The top image

16.16 The middle image

16.17 The bottom image

16.18 Discussion and sample code

16.19 The Sprite class

16.20 A new Image property accessor method

16.21 A modified constructor

16.22 A modified SetImage method

16.23 A new method named GetRectangle

16.24 A new method named IsCollision

16.25 What is a collision?

16.26 What is the overall behavior?

16.27 The IsCollision method code

16.28 Test for a collision with other sprites

16.29 A while loop

16.30 The first return statement

16.31 The second return statement

16.32 The end of the Sprite class

16.33 The Game1 class

16.34 The overridden LoadContent method

16.35 A background sprite with a spider web image

16.36 Instantiate the spider and ladybug Sprite objects

16.37 The overridden Update method

16.38 A for loop that controls the collision testing

16.39 Not every spider is tested during each iteration

16.40 Test for a collision

16.41 Return a reference to a spider or null

16.42 If a collision was detected...

16.43 Why change the spider's position?

16.44 Spiders don't die easily

16.45 The Name property

16.46 Killing the brown spider

16.47 Is a Dispose Method needed?

16.48 The end of the Update method

16.49 The overridden Game.Draw method

16.50 The end of the program

16.51 Run the program

16.52 Run my program

16.54 What's next?

16.55 Miscellaneous

16.56 Complete program listing

17 Xna0132-a simple game program with on-screen text

17.1 Table of Contents

17.3 Viewing tip

17.6 General background information

17.8 Spider behavior

17.9 The ladybugs

17.10 Using the keyboard

17.11 Using the mouse

17.12 Difficulty level

17.13 A useful student project

17.14 Alternatives to the arrow keys

17.15 Discussion and sample code

17.16 How to draw on-screen text

17.17 Font availability

17.18 Identifying the font families

17.19 Matching font families to font files

17.20 Getting ready to draw on-screen text

17.21 Drawing the on-screen text

17.22 The project named XNA0132ProjA

17.23 The overridden Game.Draw method

17.24 The SpriteBatch.DrawString method

17.25 Purpose of the origin parameter

17.26 All I need to say

17.27 The Sprite class for XNA0132Proj

17.28 The new code

17.29 A new read-only property accessor method for the Edge property

17.30 New version of the Move method

17.31 End of discussion of the Sprite class

17.32 The Game1 class for XNA0132Proj

17.33 General information

17.34 The objective of the game

17.35 Ladybug control

17.36 Spiders are recycled

17.37 Keeping score

17.38 Code for the Game1 Class

17.39 The overridden LoadContent method

17.40 The font family

17.41 Make the mouse pointer visible

17.42 Position the on-screen text

17.43 Set the initial position of the mouse pointer

17.44 End of the LoadContent method

17.45 The overridden Update method

17.46 Moving the ladybug objects using the keyboard

17.47 Dragging the ladybug objects with the mouse

17.48 The overridden Game.Draw method

17.49 The MeasureString method

17.50 Overloaded division operator

17.51 The end of the program

17.52 Run the program

17.53 Run my text program

17.54 Run my game program

17.56 What's next?

17.57 Miscellaneous

17.58 Complete program listing

Source: OpenStax, Xna game studio. OpenStax CNX. Feb 28, 2014 Download for free at https://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11634/1.6

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