Human biology

OpenStax

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0.1 About openstax college

0.2 About openstax college's resources

0.4 About our team

0.5 Senior contributors

0.6 Faculty contributors and reviewers

Introduction to human biology and the scientific method

1 Structural organization of the human body

1.1 The levels of organization

1.2 Chapter review

2 Functions of human life

3 Classification of organisms

4 The process of science

4.1 The nature of science

4.2 Scientific inquiry

4.3 Hypothesis testing

4.4 Reporting scientific work

4.5 Section summary

4.6 Art connections

Chemistry and life

1 The building blocks of molecules

2 The chemical and physical properties of water

2.1 Water is polar

2.2 Water stabilizes temperature

2.3 Water is an excellent solvent

2.4 Buffers, ph, acids, and bases

2.5 Section summary

3 Biological macromolecules

3.2 Carbon bonding

3.3 Carbohydrates

3.7 Protein structure

3.8 Nucleic acids

3.9 Dna double-helical structure

3.10 Section summary

1 Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

1.1 Components of prokaryotic cells

1.2 Eukaryotic cells

1.4 Section summary

2 A more detailed look at eukaryotic cells

2.1 The plasma membrane

2.2 The cytoplasm

2.3 The endomembrane system

2.4 The nucleus

2.5 The endoplasmic reticulum

2.6 The golgi apparatus

2.10 Mitochondria

2.11 Section summary

2.12 Art connections

3 A more detailed look at the cell membrane

4 Passive transport mechanisms

4.1 Selective permeability

4.3 Facilitated transport

4.6 Section summary

4.7 Art connections

5 Active transport mechanisms

5.1 Primary active transport

5.2 Endocytosis

5.4 Section summary

Dna and gene expression

Introduction to the central dogma of molecular biology

2 The basics of dna replication

2.2 Section summary

3 Transcription

3.1 The central dogma of molecular biology: dna encodes rna; rna encodes

3.2 Transcription: from dna to mrna

3.5 Termination

3.6 Eukaryotic rna processing

3.7 Section summary

Digestive system

0.1 Homeostasis

0.2 Thermoregulation

0.3 Section summary

0.4 Art connections

1 The digestive system

Energy considerations

Introduction to metabolism

1 Energy and metabolism

1.1 Metabolic pathways

1.3 Thermodynamics

1.4 Potential and kinetic energy

1.5 Free and activation energy

1.7 Section summary

3 The transition reaction, citric acid/kreb's cycle and electron transport

Introduction to the cardiovascular system - blood

1 An overview of blood

1.1 Functions of blood

1.2 Transportation

1.4 Maintenance of homeostasis

1.5 Composition of blood

1.6 Characteristics of blood

1.7 Blood plasma

1.8 Plasma proteins

1.9 Other plasma solutes

1.10 Chapter review

2.1 Shape and structure of erythrocytes

2.3 Lifecycle of erythrocytes

2.4 Disorders of erythrocytes

2.5 Chapter review

3 Blood typing and transfusions

Introduction to the cardiovascular system - heart

1 Heart anatomy

1.1 Location of the heart

1.2 Shape and size of the heart

1.3 Chambers and circulation through the heart

1.4 Membranes, surface features, and layers

1.6 Internal structure of the heart

1.7 Septa of the heart

1.8 Right atrium

1.9 Right ventricle

1.10 Left atrium

1.11 Left ventricle

1.12 Heart valve structure and function

1.13 Coronary circulation

1.14 Coronary arteries and veins

1.15 Coronary artery disease

1.16 Chapter review

2 Cardiac muscle and electrical activity

2.1 Structure of cardiac muscle

2.2 Conduction system of the heart

2.3 Sinoatrial (sa) node

2.4 Atrioventricular (av) node

2.5 Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his), bundle branches, and purkinje

2.6 Electrocardiogram

2.7 Chapter review

3 Cardiac cycle

3.1 Pressures and flow

3.2 Phases of the cardiac cycle

3.3 Atrial systole and diastole

3.4 Ventricular systole

3.5 Ventricular diastole

3.6 Heart sounds

3.7 Chapter review

Introduction to the cardiovascular system - blood vessels and circulation

1 Structure and function of blood vessels

1.1 Shared structures

1.2 Capillaries

1.3 Chapter review

Respiratory system

Introduction to the respiratory system

1 Organs and structures of the respiratory system

1.1 The nose and its adjacent structures

1.5 Bronchi and bronchioles

1.6 Respiratory gas exchange

1.8 Interactive link questions

2 Gas pressure, volume, and breathing

2.1 Relationship between pressure and volume

2.2 How changes in volume and pressure are accomplished during breathing

2.3 Respiratory rate

2.4 Chapter review

3.1 Gas exchange

3.2 Gas laws and air composition

3.3 Solubility of gases in liquids

3.4 Gas exchange

3.5 External respiration

3.6 Internal respiration

3.7 Chapter review

4 Transport of gases

4.1 Oxygen transport in the blood

4.2 Function of hemoglobin

4.3 Carbon dioxide transport in the blood

4.4 Dissolved carbon dioxide

4.5 Bicarbonate buffer

4.6 Carbaminohemoglobin

4.7 Chapter review

4.8 Interactive link questions

Endocrine system

0.2 How hormones work

0.3 Endocrine glands

0.4 Regulation of hormone production

0.5 Section summary

0.6 Art connections

Introduction to the urinary system

1 Urinary system anatomy and function

2 Hormonal control of urine concentration

2.1 Aldosterone

2.2 Antidiurectic hormone

2.3 Section summary

Mitosis and meiosis

Introduction to cell division

1 Chromosomes and the genome

2 The cell cycle

2.5 The mitotic phase

2.7 Cytokinesis

2.8 Section summary

2.9 Art connections

3 Meiosis and genetic variation

3.4 Comparing meiosis and mitosis

3.5 Section summary

Reproductive systems

Introduction to the reproductive systems

1 Male reproductive anatomy and physiology

1.1 Human reproductive anatomy

1.2 Male reproductive anatomy

1.3 Gametogenesis: spermatogenesis

1.4 Spermatogenesis

1.5 Hormonal control of reproduction

1.6 Male hormones

1.7 Section summary

1.8 Art connections

2 Female reproductive anatomy and physiology; gestation and labor

Skeletal system

Introduction to bone tissue

1 Functions of the skeletal system

1.1 Support, movement, and protection

1.2 Mineral storage, energy storage, and hematopoiesis

1.3 Chapter review

2 Bone structure

2.1 Gross anatomy of bone

2.2 Bone cells and tissue

2.3 Compact and spongy bone

2.4 Compact bone

2.5 Spongy (cancellous) bone

2.6 Blood and nerve supply

2.7 Chapter review

3 Bone formation and development

3.1 Cartilage templates

3.2 Endochondral ossification

3.3 How bones grow in length

3.4 How bones grow in diameter

3.5 Bone remodeling

3.6 Chapter review

Muscles and movement

Muscle contraction and locomotion

0.1 Skeletal muscle fiber structure

0.2 Sliding filament model of contraction

0.3 Atp and muscle contraction

0.4 Regulatory proteins

0.5 Excitation–contraction coupling

0.6 Control of muscle tension

0.7 Section summary

0.8 Art connections

Introduction to the nervous system

1 Neurons and glial cells

1.2 Parts of a neuron

1.3 Types of neurons

1.5 Section summary

2 How neurons communicate

2.1 Nerve impulse transmission within a neuron

2.2 Neuronal charged membranes

2.3 Resting membrane potential

2.4 Action potential

2.5 Myelin and the propagation of the action potential

2.6 Synaptic transmission

2.7 Chemical synapse

2.8 Signal summation

2.9 Section summary

2.10 Art connections

3 The central and peripheral nervous systems

3.1 The central nervous system

3.3 Spinal cord

3.4 The peripheral nervous system

3.5 Section summary

Introduction to the special senses

1 Taste and smell

2 Hearing and vestibular sensation

3.2 Anatomy of the eye

3.3 Processing visual input

3.4 Trichromatic coding

3.5 Retinal processing

3.6 Higher processing

3.7 Section summary

3.8 Art connections

Introduction to the immune system

1 Innate immunity

1.1 External and chemical barriers

1.2 Internal defenses

1.3 The inflammatory response and phagocytosis

1.4 Natural killer cells

1.6 Section summary

2 Adaptive immunity

2.1 B and t cells

2.2 Humoral (or antibody)-mediated immune response

2.3 Cell-mediated immunity

2.4 Immunological memory

2.5 The lymphatic system

2.6 Section summary

2.7 Art connections

Source: OpenStax, Human biology. OpenStax CNX. Dec 01, 2015 Download for free at http://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11903/1.3

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