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Earth is only one of eight planets that revolve around the Sun. These planets, along with their moons and swarms of smaller bodies such as dwarf planets, make up the solar system ( [link] ). A planet is defined as a body of significant size that orbits a star and does not produce its own light. (If a large body consistently produces its own light, it is then called a star .) Later in the book this definition will be modified a bit, but it is perfectly fine for now as you begin your voyage.
We are able to see the nearby planets in our skies only because they reflect the light of our local star, the Sun. If the planets were much farther away, the tiny amount of light they reflect would usually not be visible to us. The planets we have so far discovered orbiting other stars were found from the pull their gravity exerts on their parent stars, or from the light they block from their stars when they pass in front of them. We can’t see most of these planets directly, although a few are now being imaged directly.
The Sun is our local star, and all the other stars are also enormous balls of glowing gas that generate vast amounts of energy by nuclear reactions deep within. We will discuss the processes that cause stars to shine in more detail later in the book. The other stars look faint only because they are so very far away. If we continue our basketball analogy, Proxima Centauri , the nearest star beyond the Sun, which is 4.3 light-years away, would be almost 7000 kilometers from the basketball.
When you look up at a star-filled sky on a clear night, all the stars visible to the unaided eye are part of a single collection of stars we call the Milky Way Galaxy , or simply the Galaxy . (When referring to the Milky Way, we capitalize Galaxy ; when talking about other galaxies of stars, we use lowercase galaxy .) The Sun is one of hundreds of billions of stars that make up the Galaxy; its extent, as we will see, staggers the human imagination. Within a sphere 10 light-years in radius centered on the Sun, we find roughly ten stars. Within a sphere 100 light-years in radius, there are roughly 10,000 (10 4 ) stars—far too many to count or name—but we have still traversed only a tiny part of the Milky Way Galaxy . Within a 1000-light-year sphere, we find some ten million (10 7 ) stars; within a sphere of 100,000 light-years, we finally encompass the entire Milky Way Galaxy.
Our Galaxy looks like a giant disk with a small ball in the middle. If we could move outside our Galaxy and look down on the disk of the Milky Way from above, it would probably resemble the galaxy in [link] , with its spiral structure outlined by the blue light of hot adolescent stars.
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