2009 May - Interplanetary Internet Protocols are tested by using computers on the International Space Station. Eventually there will be an internet connectivity among Earth, multiple probes, rovers, orbiters and space crafts exploring the solar system. This will be the basis of Interplanetary Internet. The network’s key technologies are called Delay Tolerant Networking(DTN) protocols. The problem in deep space internet is the huge delay and occultation of the nodes. To overcome this problem “store and forward” technique will be used. The node will save the data and then passes on when the link is again established. A third test is yet to be carried. In this a security protocol and a new file-transfer protocol will be used.
2010AD -Pacific Unity will lay multiple fibers. Total capacity; 7.68 terabits per second.
ROAD MAP OF SUPERCOMPUTER.[‘The Data’, IEEE SPECTRUM, APRIL 2009]
1976 Illiac IV, 64 processors, teraflops capability, cost was 4.8×10 -7 TeraFlops per million dollars or 4.8×10 5 Floating Point Operations per Second which is 480×10 3 FLOPS or 480kFLOPS per million dollars.
1976 CRAY-1, 1 processor with teraflops capability, cost was 1.778×10 -5 TeraFlops per million dollars or 17.78MFLOPS per million dollars.
1988 CRAY Y-MP, 8-vector processors with teraflops capability, cost was 1.115×10 -4 TeraFlops per million dollars that is 111.5MFLOPS per million dollars.
1997 ASCI RED, 4510 processors with teraflops capaability, cost was 1.818182×10 -2 TeraFlops per million dollars which comes to 18.18182GFLOPS per million dollars.
2002 EARTHSIMULATOR , 5120 processors, cost was 17.5GFLOPS per million dollars.
2004 BLUEGENE/L, 65536 processors with 10TFLOPS capability, cost was 2.8TFLOPS per million dollars.
2007 PLAYSTATION3 CLUSTER, 8playstation 3s, 375TFLOPS per million dollars†.
2008 NVIDIA TESLA, 960 cores, 439.1 TFLOPS per million dollars*.
2008 ROADRUNNER, 19440 processors with several tens of TFLOPS capability, cost was 8.3TFLOPS per million dollars‡.
*Based on the cost of building your own Tesla supercomputer out of four Tesla C1060 units. Complete instructions are available at nvidia.com
† Seven processors per node at 150GFLPS per Unit for a single processor( 11 processors per node for a dual processor). $400-plus per node.
‡ 6480 Opteron CPUs and 12960 Cell processors.
Supercomputers are massively parallel chips can be used to calculate protein folding, predict climate change and crack the encryption of hitherto-secure Web sites.
Nvidia advertises its new workstation, the Tesla, as a “personal supercomputer”. It clusters 4 Nvidia C1060 processing boards, each of which unites 240 graphic cores to process instructions at nearly teraflop speed.
Tesla does single-precision floating-point calculations using 8-bit bytes.
Roadrunner uses 64-bit floating integers.
Digital Data Generation.
Sources of digital data:
- social networking sites,
- internet-enabled mobile phones and
- government surveillance.
- 70% of the digital content is created by by individuals through phne cals, emails, photos, online banking transactions or postings on social networking sites.