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How are the polar axes different from the x - and y -axes of the Cartesian plane?

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Explain how polar coordinates are graphed.

Determine θ for the point, then move r units from the pole to plot the point. If r is negative, move r units from the pole in the opposite direction but along the same angle. The point is a distance of r away from the origin at an angle of θ from the polar axis.

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How are the points ( 3 , π 2 ) and ( 3 , π 2 ) related?

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Explain why the points ( 3 , π 2 ) and ( 3 , π 2 ) are the same.

The point ( 3 , π 2 ) has a positive angle but a negative radius and is plotted by moving to an angle of π 2 and then moving 3 units in the negative direction. This places the point 3 units down the negative y -axis. The point ( 3 , π 2 ) has a negative angle and a positive radius and is plotted by first moving to an angle of π 2 and then moving 3 units down, which is the positive direction for a negative angle. The point is also 3 units down the negative y -axis.

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Algebraic

For the following exercises, convert the given polar coordinates to Cartesian coordinates with r > 0 and 0 θ 2 π . Remember to consider the quadrant in which the given point is located when determining θ for the point.

( 5 , π )

( 5 , 0 )

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( 3 , π 6 )

( 3 3 2 , 3 2 )

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For the following exercises, convert the given Cartesian coordinates to polar coordinates with r > 0 , 0 θ < 2 π . Remember to consider the quadrant in which the given point is located.

( 4 , 2 )

( 2 5 ,   0.464 )

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( 3 , −5 )

( 34 , 5.253 )

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( 8 , 8 )

( 8 2 , π 4 )

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For the following exercises, convert the given Cartesian equation to a polar equation.

y = 2 x 4

r = s i n θ 2 c o s 4 θ 3

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x 2 + y 2 = 3 x

r = 3 cos θ

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x 2 y 2 = 3 y

r = 3 sin θ cos ( 2 θ )

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x 2 = 9 y

r = 9 sin θ cos 2 θ

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9 x y = 1

r = 1 9 cos θ sin θ

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For the following exercises, convert the given polar equation to a Cartesian equation. Write in the standard form of a conic if possible, and identify the conic section represented.

r = 4 cos θ

x 2 + y 2 = 4 x or ( x 2 ) 2 4 + y 2 4 = 1 ; circle

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r = 4 sin θ + 7 cos θ

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r = 6 cos θ + 3 sin θ

3 y + x = 6 ; line

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r = 3 csc θ

y = 3 ; line

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r 2 = 4 sec θ csc θ

x y = 4 ; hyperbola

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r 2 = 4

x 2 + y 2 = 4 ; circle

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r = 1 4 cos θ 3 sin θ

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r = 3 cos θ 5 sin θ

x 5 y = 3 ; line

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Graphical

For the following exercises, find the polar coordinates of the point.

For the following exercises, plot the points.

For the following exercises, convert the equation from rectangular to polar form and graph on the polar axis.

5 x y = 6

r = 6 5 cos θ sin θ

Plot of given line in the polar coordinate grid
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x 2 + ( y 1 ) 2 = 1

r = 2 sin θ

Plot of given circle in the polar coordinate grid
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( x + 2 ) 2 + ( y + 3 ) 2 = 13

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x 2 + y 2 = 3 x

r = 3 cos θ

Plot of given circle in the polar coordinate grid.
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For the following exercises, convert the equation from polar to rectangular form and graph on the rectangular plane.

r = 4

x 2 + y 2 = 16

Plot of circle with radius 4 centered at the origin in the rectangular coordinates grid.
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r = −10 sin θ

x 2 + ( y + 5 ) 2 = 25

Plot of circle with radius 5 centered at (0,-5).
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Technology

Use a graphing calculator to find the rectangular coordinates of ( 2 , π 5 ) . Round to the nearest thousandth.

( 1.618 , 1.176 )

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Use a graphing calculator to find the rectangular coordinates of ( 3 , 3 π 7 ) . Round to the nearest thousandth.

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Use a graphing calculator to find the polar coordinates of ( 7 , 8 ) in degrees. Round to the nearest thousandth.

( 10.630 , 131.186° )

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Use a graphing calculator to find the polar coordinates of ( 3 , 4 ) in degrees. Round to the nearest hundredth.

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Use a graphing calculator to find the polar coordinates of ( 2 , 0 ) in radians. Round to the nearest hundredth.

( 2 , 3.14 ) o r ( 2 , π )

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Extensions

Describe the graph of r = a sec θ ; a > 0.

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Describe the graph of r = a sec θ ; a < 0.

A vertical line with a units left of the y -axis. 

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Describe the graph of r = a csc θ ; a > 0.

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Describe the graph of r = a csc θ ; a < 0.

A horizontal line with a units below the x -axis.

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What polar equations will give an oblique line?

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For the following exercise, graph the polar inequality.

θ = π 4 , r 2

Graph of ray starting at (2, pi/4) and extending in a positive direction along pi/4 - polar coordinate grid.
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θ = π 4 , r −3

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0 θ π 3 , r < 2

Graph of the shaded region 0 to pi/3 from r=0 to 2 with the edge not included (dotted line) - polar coordinate grid
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π 6 < θ π 3 , 3 < r < 2

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Questions & Answers

how did you get 1640
Noor Reply
If auger is pair are the roots of equation x2+5x-3=0
Peter Reply
Wayne and Dennis like to ride the bike path from Riverside Park to the beach. Dennis’s speed is seven miles per hour faster than Wayne’s speed, so it takes Wayne 2 hours to ride to the beach while it takes Dennis 1.5 hours for the ride. Find the speed of both bikers.
MATTHEW Reply
420
Sharon
from theory: distance [miles] = speed [mph] × time [hours] info #1 speed_Dennis × 1.5 = speed_Wayne × 2 => speed_Wayne = 0.75 × speed_Dennis (i) info #2 speed_Dennis = speed_Wayne + 7 [mph] (ii) use (i) in (ii) => [...] speed_Dennis = 28 mph speed_Wayne = 21 mph
George
Let W be Wayne's speed in miles per hour and D be Dennis's speed in miles per hour. We know that W + 7 = D and W * 2 = D * 1.5. Substituting the first equation into the second: W * 2 = (W + 7) * 1.5 W * 2 = W * 1.5 + 7 * 1.5 0.5 * W = 7 * 1.5 W = 7 * 3 or 21 W is 21 D = W + 7 D = 21 + 7 D = 28
Salma
Devon is 32 32​​ years older than his son, Milan. The sum of both their ages is 54 54​. Using the variables d d​ and m m​ to represent the ages of Devon and Milan, respectively, write a system of equations to describe this situation. Enter the equations below, separated by a comma.
Aaron Reply
find product (-6m+6) ( 3m²+4m-3)
SIMRAN Reply
-42m²+60m-18
Salma
what is the solution
bill
how did you arrive at this answer?
bill
-24m+3+3mÁ^2
Susan
i really want to learn
Amira
I only got 42 the rest i don't know how to solve it. Please i need help from anyone to help me improve my solving mathematics please
Amira
Hw did u arrive to this answer.
Aphelele
hi
Bajemah
-6m(3mA²+4m-3)+6(3mA²+4m-3) =-18m²A²-24m²+18m+18mA²+24m-18 Rearrange like items -18m²A²-24m²+42m+18A²-18
Salma
complete the table of valuesfor each given equatio then graph. 1.x+2y=3
Jovelyn Reply
x=3-2y
Salma
y=x+3/2
Salma
Hi
Enock
given that (7x-5):(2+4x)=8:7find the value of x
Nandala
3x-12y=18
Kelvin
please why isn't that the 0is in ten thousand place
Grace Reply
please why is it that the 0is in the place of ten thousand
Grace
Send the example to me here and let me see
Stephen
A meditation garden is in the shape of a right triangle, with one leg 7 feet. The length of the hypotenuse is one more than the length of one of the other legs. Find the lengths of the hypotenuse and the other leg
Marry Reply
how far
Abubakar
cool u
Enock
state in which quadrant or on which axis each of the following angles given measure. in standard position would lie 89°
Abegail Reply
hello
BenJay
hi
Method
I am eliacin, I need your help in maths
Rood
how can I help
Sir
hmm can we speak here?
Amoon
however, may I ask you some questions about Algarba?
Amoon
hi
Enock
what the last part of the problem mean?
Roger
The Jones family took a 15 mile canoe ride down the Indian River in three hours. After lunch, the return trip back up the river took five hours. Find the rate, in mph, of the canoe in still water and the rate of the current.
cameron Reply
Shakir works at a computer store. His weekly pay will be either a fixed amount, $925, or $500 plus 12% of his total sales. How much should his total sales be for his variable pay option to exceed the fixed amount of $925.
mahnoor Reply
I'm guessing, but it's somewhere around $4335.00 I think
Lewis
12% of sales will need to exceed 925 - 500, or 425 to exceed fixed amount option. What amount of sales does that equal? 425 ÷ (12÷100) = 3541.67. So the answer is sales greater than 3541.67. Check: Sales = 3542 Commission 12%=425.04 Pay = 500 + 425.04 = 925.04. 925.04 > 925.00
Munster
difference between rational and irrational numbers
Arundhati Reply
When traveling to Great Britain, Bethany exchanged $602 US dollars into £515 British pounds. How many pounds did she receive for each US dollar?
Jakoiya Reply
how to reduced echelon form
Solomon Reply
Jazmine trained for 3 hours on Saturday. She ran 8 miles and then biked 24 miles. Her biking speed is 4 mph faster than her running speed. What is her running speed?
Zack Reply
d=r×t the equation would be 8/r+24/r+4=3 worked out
Sheirtina
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Practice Key Terms 3

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Source:  OpenStax, Algebra and trigonometry. OpenStax CNX. Nov 14, 2016 Download for free at https://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11758/1.6
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