A classic observation of refraction occurs when a pencil is placed in a glass half filled with water. Do this and observe the shape of the pencil when you look at the pencil sideways, that is, through air, glass, water. Explain your observations. Draw ray diagrams for the situation.
Determine the index of refraction from refraction data
Find the index of refraction for medium 2 in
[link] (a), assuming medium 1 is air and given the incident angle is
and the angle of refraction is
.
Strategy
The index of refraction for air is taken to be 1 in most cases (and up to four significant figures, it is 1.000). Thus
here. From the given information,
and
. With this information, the only unknown in Snell’s law is
, so that it can be used to find this unknown.
Solution
Snell’s law is
Rearranging to isolate
gives
Entering known values,
Discussion
This is the index of refraction for water, and Snell could have determined it by measuring the angles and performing this calculation. He would then have found 1.33 to be the appropriate index of refraction for water in all other situations, such as when a ray passes from water to glass. Today we can verify that the index of refraction is related to the speed of light in a medium by measuring that speed directly.
Suppose that in a situation like that in
[link] , light goes from air to diamond and that the incident angle is
. Calculate the angle of refraction
in the diamond.
Strategy
Again the index of refraction for air is taken to be
, and we are given
. We can look up the index of refraction for diamond in
[link] , finding
. The only unknown in Snell’s law is
, which we wish to determine.
Solution
Solving Snell’s law for sin
yields
Entering known values,
The angle is thus
Discussion
For the same
angle of incidence, the angle of refraction in diamond is significantly smaller than in water (
rather than
—see the preceding example). This means there is a larger change in direction in diamond. The cause of a large change in direction is a large change in the index of refraction (or speed). In general, the larger the change in speed, the greater the effect on the direction of the ray.
The changing of a light ray’s direction when it passes through variations in matter is called refraction.
The speed of light in vacuum
Index of refraction
, where
is the speed of light in the material,
is the speed of light in vacuum, and
is the index of refraction.
Snell’s law, the law of refraction, is stated in equation form as
.
Conceptual questions
Diffusion by reflection from a rough surface is described in this chapter. Light can also be diffused by refraction. Describe how this occurs in a specific situation, such as light interacting with crushed ice.
what's the difference between a firm and an industry
Abdul
firm is the unit which transform inputs to output where as industry contain combination of firms with similar production 😅😅
Abdulraufu
Suppose the demand function that a firm faces shifted from
Qd 120 3P
to
Qd 90 3P
and the supply function has shifted from
QS
20 2P
to
QS
10 2P .
a) Find the effect of this change on price and quantity.
b) Which of the changes in demand and supply is higher?
Demand curve shows that how supply and others conditions affect on demand of a particular thing and what percent demand increase whith increase of supply of goods
Israr
Hi Sir please how do u calculate Cross elastic demand and income elastic demand?
Abari
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