Just as a reminder, consider
[link] , which shows an AC voltage applied to a resistor and a graph of voltage and current versus time. The voltage and current are exactly
inphase in a resistor. There is no frequency dependence to the behavior of plain resistance in a circuit:
Ac voltage in a resistor
When a sinusoidal voltage is applied to a resistor, the voltage is exactly in phase with the current—they have a
phase angle.
Section summary
For inductors in AC circuits, we find that when a sinusoidal voltage is applied to an inductor, the voltage leads the current by one-fourth of a cycle, or by a
phase angle.
The opposition of an inductor to a change in current is expressed as a type of AC resistance.
Ohm’s law for an inductor is
where
is the rms voltage across the inductor.
is defined to be the inductive reactance, given by
with
the frequency of the AC voltage source in hertz.
Inductive reactance
has units of ohms and is greatest at high frequencies.
For capacitors, we find that when a sinusoidal voltage is applied to a capacitor, the voltage follows the current by one-fourth of a cycle, or by a
phase angle.
Since a capacitor can stop current when fully charged, it limits current and offers another form of AC resistance; Ohm’s law for a capacitor is
where
is the rms voltage across the capacitor.
is defined to be the capacitive reactance, given by
has units of ohms and is greatest at low frequencies.
Conceptual questions
Presbycusis is a hearing loss due to age that progressively affects higher frequencies. A hearing aid amplifier is designed to amplify all frequencies equally. To adjust its output for presbycusis, would you put a capacitor in series or parallel with the hearing aid’s speaker? Explain.
Would you use a large inductance or a large capacitance in series with a system to filter out low frequencies, such as the 100 Hz hum in a sound system? Explain.
High-frequency noise in AC power can damage computers. Does the plug-in unit designed to prevent this damage use a large inductance or a large capacitance (in series with the computer) to filter out such high frequencies? Explain.
Explain why the capacitor in
[link] (a) acts as a low-frequency filter between the two circuits, whereas that in
[link] (b) acts as a high-frequency filter.
(a) An inductor designed to filter high-frequency noise from power supplied to a personal computer is placed in series with the computer. What minimum inductance should it have to produce a
reactance for 15.0 kHz noise? (b) What is its reactance at 60.0 Hz?
The capacitor in
[link] (a) is designed to filter low-frequency signals, impeding their transmission between circuits. (a) What capacitance is needed to produce a
reactance at a frequency of 120 Hz? (b) What would its reactance be at 1.00 MHz? (c) Discuss the implications of your answers to (a) and (b).
The capacitor in
[link] (b) will filter high-frequency signals by shorting them to earth/ground. (a) What capacitance is needed to produce a reactance of
for a 5.00 kHz signal? (b) What would its reactance be at 3.00 Hz? (c) Discuss the implications of your answers to (a) and (b).
In a recording of voltages due to brain activity (an EEG), a 10.0 mV signal with a 0.500 Hz frequency is applied to a capacitor, producing a current of 100 mA. Resistance is negligible. (a) What is the capacitance? (b) What is unreasonable about this result? (c) Which assumption or premise is responsible?
Consider the use of an inductor in series with a computer operating on 60 Hz electricity. Construct a problem in which you calculate the relative reduction in voltage of incoming high frequency noise compared to 60 Hz voltage. Among the things to consider are the acceptable series reactance of the inductor for 60 Hz power and the likely frequencies of noise coming through the power lines.
Bacteria doesn't produce energy they are dependent upon their substrate in case of lack of nutrients they are able to make spores which helps them to sustain in harsh environments
_Adnan
But not all bacteria make spores, l mean Eukaryotic cells have Mitochondria which acts as powerhouse for them, since bacteria don't have it, what is the substitution for it?
Assimilatory nitrate reduction is a process that occurs in some microorganisms, such as bacteria and archaea, in which nitrate (NO3-) is reduced to nitrite (NO2-), and then further reduced to ammonia (NH3).
Elkana
This process is called assimilatory nitrate reduction because the nitrogen that is produced is incorporated in the cells of microorganisms where it can be used in the synthesis of amino acids and other nitrogen products
There are nothing like emergency disease but there are some common medical emergency which can occur simultaneously like Bleeding,heart attack,Breathing difficulties,severe pain heart stock.Hope you will get my point .Have a nice day ❣️
_Adnan
define infection ,prevention and control
Innocent
I think infection prevention and control is the avoidance of all things we do that gives out break of infections and promotion of health practices that promote life