Calculate the energy emitted during nuclear decay.
The information presented in this section supports the following AP® learning objectives and science practices:
5.B.8.1 The student is able to describe emission or absorption spectra associated with electronic or nuclear transitions as transitions between allowed energy states of the atom in terms of the principle of energy conservation, including characterization of the frequency of radiation emitted or absorbed.
(S.P. 1.2, 7.2)
5.C.1.1 The student is able to analyze electric charge conservation for nuclear and elementary particle reactions and make predictions related to such reactions based upon conservation of charge.
(S.P. 6.4, 7.2)
5.C.2.1 The student is able to predict electric charges on objects within a system by application of the principle of charge conservation within a system.
(S.P. 6.4)
5.G.1.1 The student is able to apply conservation of nucleon number and conservation of electric charge to make predictions about nuclear reactions and decays such as fission, fusion, alpha decay, beta decay, or gamma decay.
(S.P. 6.4)
Nuclear
decay has provided an amazing window into the realm of the very small. Nuclear decay gave the first indication of the connection between mass and energy, and it revealed the existence of two of the four basic forces in nature. In this section, we explore the major modes of nuclear decay; and, like those who first explored them, we will discover evidence of previously unknown particles and conservation laws.
Some nuclides are stable, apparently living forever. Unstable nuclides decay (that is, they are radioactive), eventually producing a stable nuclide after many decays. We call the original nuclide the
parent and its decay products the
daughters . Some radioactive nuclides decay in a single step to a stable nucleus. For example,
is unstable and decays directly to
, which is stable. Others, such as
, decay to another unstable nuclide, resulting in a
decay series in which each subsequent nuclide decays until a stable nuclide is finally produced. The decay series that starts from
is of particular interest, since it produces the radioactive isotopes
and
, which the Curies first discovered (see
[link] ). Radon gas is also produced (
in the series), an increasingly recognized naturally occurring hazard. Since radon is a noble gas, it emanates from materials, such as soil, containing even trace amounts of
and can be inhaled. The decay of radon and its daughters produces internal damage. The
decay series ends with
, a stable isotope of lead.
Step 1: Find the mean. To find the mean, add up all the scores, then divide them by the number of scores. ...
Step 2: Find each score's deviation from the mean. ...
Step 3: Square each deviation from the mean. ...
Step 4: Find the sum of squares. ...
Step 5: Divide the sum of squares by n – 1 or N.
The sample of 16 students is taken. The average age in the sample was 22 years with astandard deviation of 6 years. Construct a 95% confidence interval for the age of the population.
Bhartdarshan' is an internet-based travel agency wherein customer can see videos of the cities they plant to visit. The number of hits daily is a normally distributed random variable with a mean of 10,000 and a standard deviation of 2,400
a. what is the probability of getting more than 12,000 hits?
b. what is the probability of getting fewer than 9,000 hits?
Bhartdarshan'is an internet-based travel agency wherein customer can see videos of the cities they plan to visit. The number of hits daily is a normally distributed random variable with a mean of 10,000 and a standard deviation of 2,400.
a. What is the probability of getting more than 12,000 hits