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- Temperature, kinetic theory,
- Kinetic theory: atomic and
What is the average kinetic energy of a nitrogen molecule (N
2 ) if its
rms speed is 560 m/s? At what temperature is this
rms speed achieved?
(a) 7.29 × 10
-21 J; (b) 352K or 79ºC
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Section summary
- Kinetic theory is the atomistic description of gases as well as liquids and solids.
- Kinetic theory models the properties of matter in terms of continuous random motion of atoms and molecules.
- The ideal gas law can also be expressed as
where
is the pressure (average force per unit area),
is the volume of gas in the container,
is the number of molecules in the container,
is the mass of a molecule, and
is the average of the molecular speed squared.
- Thermal energy is defined to be the average translational kinetic energy
of an atom or molecule.
- The temperature of gases is proportional to the average translational kinetic energy of atoms and molecules.
or
- The motion of individual molecules in a gas is random in magnitude and direction. However, a gas of many molecules has a predictable distribution of molecular speeds, known as the
Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution .
Conceptual questions
Problems&Exercises
Some incandescent light bulbs are filled with argon gas. What is
for argon atoms near the filament, assuming their temperature is 2500 K?
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Average atomic and molecular speeds
are large, even at low temperatures. What is
for helium atoms at 5.00 K, just one degree above helium’s liquefaction temperature?
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(a) What is the average kinetic energy in joules of hydrogen atoms on the
surface of the Sun? (b) What is the average kinetic energy of helium atoms in a region of the solar corona where the temperature is
?
(a)
(b)
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The escape velocity of any object from Earth is 11.2 km/s. (a) Express this speed in m/s and km/h. (b) At what temperature would oxygen molecules (molecular mass is equal to 32.0 g/mol) have an average velocity
equal to Earth’s escape velocity of 11.1 km/s?
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The escape velocity from the Moon is much smaller than from Earth and is only 2.38 km/s. At what temperature would hydrogen molecules (molecular mass is equal to 2.016 g/mol) have an average velocity
equal to the Moon’s escape velocity?
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Nuclear fusion, the energy source of the Sun, hydrogen bombs, and fusion reactors, occurs much more readily when the average kinetic energy of the atoms is high—that is, at high temperatures. Suppose you want the atoms in your fusion experiment to have average kinetic energies of
. What temperature is needed?
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Suppose that the average velocity
of carbon dioxide molecules (molecular mass is equal to 44.0 g/mol) in a flame is found to be
. What temperature does this represent?
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Hydrogen molecules (molecular mass is equal to 2.016 g/mol) have an average velocity
equal to 193 m/s. What is the temperature?
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Much of the gas near the Sun is atomic hydrogen. Its temperature would have to be
for the average velocity
to equal the escape velocity from the Sun. What is that velocity?
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There are two important isotopes of uranium—
and
; these isotopes are nearly identical chemically but have different atomic masses. Only
is very useful in nuclear reactors. One of the techniques for separating them (gas diffusion) is based on the different average velocities
of uranium hexafluoride gas,
. (a) The molecular masses for
and
are 349.0 g/mol and 352.0 g/mol, respectively. What is the ratio of their average velocities? (b) At what temperature would their average velocities differ by 1.00 m/s? (c) Do your answers in this problem imply that this technique may be difficult?
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Questions & Answers
how does Neisseria cause meningitis
is the branch of biology that deals with the study of microorganisms.
studies of microbes
Louisiaste
when we takee the specimen which lumbar,spin,
How bacteria create energy to survive?
Bacteria doesn't produce energy they are dependent upon their substrate in case of lack of nutrients they are able to make spores which helps them to sustain in harsh environments
_Adnan
But not all bacteria make spores, l mean Eukaryotic cells have Mitochondria which acts as powerhouse for them, since bacteria don't have it, what is the substitution for it?
Muhamad
they make spores
Louisiaste
what is sporadic nd endemic, epidemic
the significance of food webs for disease transmission
Abreham
food webs brings about an infection as an individual depends on number of diseased foods or carriers dully.
Mark
explain assimilatory nitrate reduction
Assimilatory nitrate reduction is a process that occurs in some microorganisms, such as bacteria and archaea, in which nitrate (NO3-) is reduced to nitrite (NO2-), and then further reduced to ammonia (NH3).
Elkana
This process is called assimilatory nitrate reduction because the nitrogen that is produced is incorporated in the cells of microorganisms where it can be used in the synthesis of amino acids and other nitrogen products
Elkana
Examples of thermophilic organisms
Give Examples of thermophilic organisms
Shu
advantages of normal Flora to the host
Prevent foreign microbes to the host
Abubakar
they provide healthier benefits to their hosts
ayesha
They are friends to host only when Host immune system is strong and become enemies when the host immune system is weakened . very bad relationship!
Mark
cell is the smallest unit of life
Fauziya
cell is the smallest unit of life
Akanni
cell is the structural and functional unit of life
Hasan
is the fundamental units of Life
Musa
what are emergency diseases
There are nothing like emergency disease but there are some common medical emergency which can occur simultaneously like Bleeding,heart attack,Breathing difficulties,severe pain heart stock.Hope you will get my point .Have a nice day ❣️
_Adnan
define infection ,prevention and control
Innocent
I think infection prevention and control is the avoidance of all things we do that gives out break of infections and promotion of health practices that promote life
Lubega
Heyy Lubega hussein where are u from?
_Adnan
which site have a normal flora
Many sites of the body have it
Skin
Nasal cavity
Oral cavity
Gastro intestinal tract
Safaa
skin,Oral,Nasal,GIt
Sadik
How can Commensal can Bacteria change into pathogen?
Sadik
How can Commensal Bacteria change into pathogen?
Sadik
what are the advantages of normal Flora to the host
Micheal
what are the ways of control and prevention of nosocomial infection in the hospital
Micheal
part of a tissue or an organ being wounded or bruised.
Wilfred
what term is used to name and classify microorganisms?
Binomial nomenclature
adeolu
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Source:
OpenStax, College physics for ap® courses. OpenStax CNX. Nov 04, 2016 Download for free at https://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11844/1.14
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