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Now, we solve one of the rotational kinematics equations for αθ size 12{ ital "αθ"} {} . We start with the equation

ω 2 = ω 0 2 + 2 αθ . size 12{ω rSup { size 8{2} } =ω rSub { size 8{0} rSup { size 8{2} } } +2 ital "αθ"} {}

Next, we solve for αθ size 12{ ital "αθ"} {} :

αθ = ω 2 ω 0 2 2 . size 12{ ital "αθ"= { {ω rSup { size 8{2} } - ω rSub { size 8{0} rSup { size 8{2} } } } over {2} } } {}

Substituting this into the equation for net W size 12{W} {} and gathering terms yields

net W = 1 2 2 1 2 I ω 0 2 . size 12{"net "W= { {1} over {2} } Iω rSup { size 8{2} } - { {1} over {2} } Iω rSub { size 8{0} rSup { size 8{2} } } } {}

This equation is the work-energy theorem    for rotational motion only. As you may recall, net work changes the kinetic energy of a system. Through an analogy with translational motion, we define the term 1 2 2 size 12{ left ( { {1} over {2} } right )Iω rSup { size 8{2} } } {} to be rotational kinetic energy     KE rot size 12{ ital "KE" rSub { size 8{ ital "rot"} } } {} for an object with a moment of inertia I size 12{I} {} and an angular velocity ω size 12{ω} {} :

KE rot = 1 2 2 . size 12{"KE" rSub { size 8{"rot"} } = { {1} over {2} } Iω rSup { size 8{2} } } {}

The expression for rotational kinetic energy is exactly analogous to translational kinetic energy, with I size 12{I} {} being analogous to m size 12{m} {} and ω size 12{ω} {} to v size 12{v} {} . Rotational kinetic energy has important effects. Flywheels, for example, can be used to store large amounts of rotational kinetic energy in a vehicle, as seen in [link] .

The figure shows a bus carrying a large flywheel on its board in which rotational kinetic energy is stored.
Experimental vehicles, such as this bus, have been constructed in which rotational kinetic energy is stored in a large flywheel. When the bus goes down a hill, its transmission converts its gravitational potential energy into KE rot size 12{ ital "KE" rSub { size 8{ ital "rot"} } } {} . It can also convert translational kinetic energy, when the bus stops, into KE rot size 12{ ital "KE" rSub { size 8{ ital "rot"} } } {} . The flywheel's energy can then be used to accelerate, to go up another hill, or to keep the bus from going against friction.

Calculating the work and energy for spinning a grindstone

Consider a person who spins a large grindstone by placing her hand on its edge and exerting a force through part of a revolution as shown in [link] . In this example, we verify that the work done by the torque she exerts equals the change in rotational energy. (a) How much work is done if she exerts a force of 200 N through a rotation of 1.00 rad ( 57.3º ) size 12{1 "." "00"`"rad" \( "57" "." 3 \) rSup { size 8{ circ } } } {} ? The force is kept perpendicular to the grindstone's 0.320-m radius at the point of application, and the effects of friction are negligible. (b) What is the final angular velocity if the grindstone has a mass of 85.0 kg? (c) What is the final rotational kinetic energy? (It should equal the work.)

Strategy

To find the work, we can use the equation net W = net τ θ size 12{"net "W= left ("net "τ right )θ} {} . We have enough information to calculate the torque and are given the rotation angle. In the second part, we can find the final angular velocity using one of the kinematic relationships. In the last part, we can calculate the rotational kinetic energy from its expression in KE rot = 1 2 2 size 12{"KE" rSub { size 8{"rot"} } = { {1} over {2} } Iω rSup { size 8{2} } } {} .

Solution for (a)

The net work is expressed in the equation

net W = net τ θ , size 12{"net "W= left ("net "τ right )θ} {}

where net τ size 12{τ} {} is the applied force multiplied by the radius ( rF ) size 12{ \( ital "rF" \) } {} because there is no retarding friction, and the force is perpendicular to r size 12{r} {} . The angle θ size 12{θ} {} is given. Substituting the given values in the equation above yields

net W = rF θ = 0.320 m 200 N 1.00 rad = 64.0 N m.

Noting that 1 N · m = 1 J ,

net W = 64.0 J . size 12{"net "W="64" "." 0" J"} {}
The figure shows a large grindstone of radius r which is being given a spin by applying a force F in a counterclockwise direction, as indicated by the arrows.
A large grindstone is given a spin by a person grasping its outer edge.

Solution for (b)

To find ω size 12{ω} {} from the given information requires more than one step. We start with the kinematic relationship in the equation

ω 2 = ω 0 2 + 2 αθ . size 12{ω rSup { size 8{2} } =ω rSub { size 8{0} rSup { size 8{2} } } +2 ital "αθ"} {}

Note that ω 0 = 0 size 12{ω rSub { size 8{0} } =0} {} because we start from rest. Taking the square root of the resulting equation gives

Questions & Answers

A golfer on a fairway is 70 m away from the green, which sits below the level of the fairway by 20 m. If the golfer hits the ball at an angle of 40° with an initial speed of 20 m/s, how close to the green does she come?
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Nevermind i just realied that the graph is the phons output for a person with normal hearing and not just the phons output of the sound waves power, I should read the entire thing next time
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Source:  OpenStax, College physics for ap® courses. OpenStax CNX. Nov 04, 2016 Download for free at https://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11844/1.14
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