Chapter 1: Magnetic Circuits and Magnetic Materials
This lecture note is based on the textbook # 1. Electric Machinery - A.E. Fitzgerald, Charles Kingsley, Jr., Stephen D. Umans- 6th edition- Mc Graw Hill series in Electrical Engineering. Power and Energy
The objective of this course is to study the devices used in the interconversion of electric and mechanical energy, with emphasis placed on electromagnetic rotating machinery.
The transformer, although not an electromechanical-energy-conversion device, is an important component of the overall energy-conversion process.
Practically all transformers and electric machinery use ferro-magnetic material for shaping and directing the magnetic fields that acts as the medium for transferring and converting energy. Permanent-magnet materials are also widely used.
The ability to analyze and describe systems containing magnetic materials is essential for designing and understanding electromechanical-energy-conversion devices.
The techniques of magnetic-circuit analysis, which represent algebraic approximations to exact field-theory solutions, are widely used in the study of electromechanical-energy-conversion devices.
§1.1 Introduction to Magnetic Circuits
Assume the frequencies and sizes involved are such that the displacement-current term in Maxwell’s equations, which accounts for magnetic fields being produced in space by time-varying electric fields and is associated with electromagnetic radiations, can be neglected.
H : magnetic field intensity, amperes/m, A/m, A-turn/m, A-t/m
B : magnetic flux density, webers/m2, Wb/m2, tesla (T)
1 Wb =
lines (maxwells); 1 T =
gauss
(1.1)From (1.1), we see that the source of H is the current density J .The line integral of the tangential component of the magnetic field intensity H around a closed contour C is equal to the total current passing through any surface S linking that contour.
(1.2)Equation (1.2) states that the magnetic flux density B is conserved. No net flux enters or leaves a closed surface.There exists no monopole charge sources of magnetic fields.
A magnetic circuit consists of a structure composed for the most part of high-permeability magnetic material. The presence of high-permeability material tends to cause magnetic flux to be confined to the paths defined by the structure.
Figure 1.1Simple magnetic circuit.
In Fig. 1.1, the source of the magnetic field in the core is the ampere-turn product N i , the magnetomotive force (mmf) F acting on the magnetic circuit.
The magnetic flux
(in weber, Wb) crossing a surface S is the surface integral of the normal component B :
(1.3)
: flux in core,
: flux density in core
(1.4)
: average magnitude H in the core. The direction of
can be found from the RHR.
(1.5)
The relationship between the magnetic field intensity H and the magnetic flux density B:
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_Adnan
But not all bacteria make spores, l mean Eukaryotic cells have Mitochondria which acts as powerhouse for them, since bacteria don't have it, what is the substitution for it?
Assimilatory nitrate reduction is a process that occurs in some microorganisms, such as bacteria and archaea, in which nitrate (NO3-) is reduced to nitrite (NO2-), and then further reduced to ammonia (NH3).
Elkana
This process is called assimilatory nitrate reduction because the nitrogen that is produced is incorporated in the cells of microorganisms where it can be used in the synthesis of amino acids and other nitrogen products
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_Adnan
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Innocent
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