It is a significant concept in signal processing that there is more than one way to express the information in a given signal. One way is by defining the signal in terms of the value it has at any given time $n$, thus the notation $x[n]$. But is also possible to express a signal in terms of how it is be a combination of signals from a particular signal set. We could express the information in the signal by noting how much of each signal in the signal set contributes in the combination.
Definition of the dtft
The
discrete-time Fourier transform , or DTFT, is a common way to express infinite-length discrete-time signals in another way. As noted above, the signal $x[n]$ can be understood as an entity as having a particular value for every time $n$ in the range $-\infty\lt n\lt \infty$. But it also can be understood in this way:$x[n]=\frac{1}{2\pi}\int\limits_{-\pi}^{\pi}X(\omega)e^{-j\omega n}d\omega$$x[n]$ is expressed in terms of how much of each signal $e^{-j\omega n}$ goes in to the integral which composes it. The weighting of each signal is according to the function $X(\omega)$. The values of that function are found according to this formula:$X(\omega)=\sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} x[n]\, e^{-j \omega n}$This formula for $X(\omega)$ is known as the DTFT of $x[n]$, while that first integral formula is known as the inverse DTFT.
Interpretations of the dtft
We have given above the formulas for the DTFT and the inverse DTFT:
--$X(\omega)=\sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} x[n]\, e^{-j \omega n}$
--$x[n]=\frac{1}{2\pi}\int\limits_{-\pi}^{\pi}X(\omega)e^{-j\omega n}d\omega$
But what do these formulas mean? There are a few ways of understanding them. One is to say that the two formulas are expressing the same entity, but in different domains: $x[n]$ is the time-domain representation of the signal, whereas $X(\omega)$ is the frequency-domain representation of it. In that sense, it is like two different language translations of the same book (this analogy is not perfect, for translations are not exactly one-to-one; there are many English-language translations of the Spanish book Don Quixote, but there is only one frequency-domain representation $X(\omega)$ for a time-domain signal $x[n]$).A second way to understand the DTFT is in terms of the concepts of analysis and synthesis. The DTFT formula gives us a frequency analysis of the signal $x[n]$. The signal $X(\omega)$ analyzes $x[n]$ from a different point of view; it tells us the frequency content of $x[n]$, whether it is composed of only low frequencies, or just high ones, or whatever the case may be. This is because every value of $X(\omega)$ is simply the inner product of $x[n]$ with $e^{j\omega n}$; it tells us the "strength" of $e^{j\omega n}$ in the signal $x[n]$. The inverse DTFT then synthesizes, or composes, $x[n]$ based upon its weighting at each different frequency.
Relationship between the dtft and the dft
The DTFT is not the only Fourier transform for discrete-time signals. While the DTFT operates on infinite-length signals, the DFT (discrete Fourier transform) is a tool for frequency analysis of finite-length signals. A finite-length signal (say, of length $N$) $x[n]$ has an $N$ length frequency representation $X[k]$, according to these formulas:
$X[k]=\sum\limits_{n=0}^{N-1}x[n]e^{-j\frac{2\pi}{N}kn}$$x[n]=\frac{1}{N}\sum\limits_{k=0}^{N-1}X[k]e^{j\frac{2\pi}{N}kn}$
As $x[n]$ and $X[k]$ are N-periodic, we can also represent them in this way, shifted about $n$ and $k$ at the origin:$X[k]=\sum\limits_{n=-\frac{N}{2}}^{\frac{N}{2}-1}x[n]e^{-j\frac{2\pi}{N}kn}$
$x[n]=\frac{1}{N}\sum\limits_{k=-\frac{N}{2}}^{\frac{N}{2}-1}X[k]e^{j\frac{2\pi}{N}kn}$We can develop the DTFT by seeing what happens to the DFT as $N$ gets larger and larger. As $N$ approaches $\infty$, so also do $n$ and $k$ run from $\infty$ to $\infty$. Consider also what happens to $e^{-j\frac{2\pi}{N}kn}$. As $N$ gets infinitely large, the exponent term $\frac{2\pi}{N}k$ becomes a continuous value, running from $-\pi$ to $\pi$, and we can call that value $\omega$. We have then that the DFT sum becomes:
$X(\omega)=\sum\limits_{n=-\infty}^{\infty}x[n]e^{-j\omega n}$
which is the definition of the DTFT.Similarly, on the synthesis side of the transform, the DFT "sum" will not run over a discrete number of values $k$, but rather become an integral over the continuous variable $\omega$:
$x[n]=\int\limits_{-\pi}^{\pi}X(\omega)e^{j\omega n}\frac{d\omega}{2\pi}$
which is our inverse DTFT.Graphically, we can see how increasing the length of a signal by adding more and more zeros on either side of it results in the signal's DFT (which is expressed in terms of $k$) appearing to be more and more like a continuous function (expressed in terms of $\omega$):
the study of living organisms and their interactions with one another and their environment.
Wine
discuss the biological phenomenon and provide pieces of evidence to show that it was responsible for the formation of eukaryotic organelles in an essay form
advantage of electronic microscope is easily and clearly while disadvantage is dangerous because its electronic. advantage of light microscope is savely and naturally by sun while disadvantage is not easily,means its not sharp and not clear
Abdullahi
cell theory state that every organisms composed of one or more cell,cell is the basic unit of life
Abdullahi
is like gone fail us
DENG
cells is the basic structure and functions of all living things
A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is ideal for situations requiring high-resolution imaging of surfaces. It is commonly used in materials science, biology, and geology to examine the topography and composition of samples at a nanoscale level. SEM is particularly useful for studying fine details,
Hilary
Got questions? Join the online conversation and get instant answers!
