1.1 What is psychology? Read Online
1.2 History of psychology Read Online
Clive Wearing is an accomplished musician who lost his ability to form new memories when he became sick at the age of 46. While he can remember how to play the piano perfectly, he cannot remember what he ate for breakfast just an hour ago (Sacks, 2007). James Wannerton experiences a taste sensation that is associated with the sound of words. His former girlfriend’s name tastes like rhubarb (Mundasad, 2013). John Nash is a brilliant mathematician and Nobel Prize winner. However, while he was a professor at MIT, he would tell people that the New York Times contained coded messages from extraterrestrial beings that were intended for him. He also began to hear voices and became suspicious of the people around him. Soon thereafter, Nash was diagnosed with schizophrenia and admitted to a state-run mental institution (O’Connor&Robertson, 2002). Nash was the subject of the 2001 movie A Beautiful Mind . Why did these people have these experiences? How does the human brain work? And what is the connection between the brain’s internal processes and people’s external behaviors? This textbook will introduce you to various ways that the field of psychology has explored these questions.
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Question: Patients with right or left hemisphere lesions were compared to healthy control subjects in their abilities to interpret (identify) people who are lying through facial expressions alone or through facial expressions and vocal cues. What was found?
Choices:
Patients with either left or right hemisphere lesions were more accurate than controls
Patients with right hemisphere lesions were more accurate than patients with left hemisphere lesions and healthy people.
Patients with left hemisphere lesions were more accurate than patients with right hemisphere lesions and healthy people.
Patients with right hemisphere lesions were as accurate as controls and more accurate than patients with left hemisphere lesions.
Question: Monkeys with surgical removals of the hippocampal region have
Choices:
No retrograde amnesia at all
Temporally limited retrograde amnesia for material learned in the more distant past
Temporally limited retrograde amnesia for material learned in the more recent past
Complete retrograde amnesia
Question: A patient with a right-sided removal of the hippocampus would be impaired on which of the following:
Choices:
short-term verbal memory
long-term verbal memory
short-term visuo-spatial memory
long-term visuo-spatial memory
Question: Declarative memory depends on the _______; repetition priming depends on the _____; procedural memory depends on ______.
Choices:
hippocampus; neocortex; basal ganglia
hippocampus; basal ganglia; neocortex
neocortex; basal ganglia; hippocampus
basal ganglia; neocortex; hippocampus
Question: Which is NOT true about human phonology?
Choices:
Humans use about 100 phonemes
English has about 45 phonemes
children are born with the capacity to discriminate all phonemes, but start to lose the ability to discriminate phonemes they do not hear after about 12 months
pauses during natural speech generally occur at the ends of words
Question: Various factors can help or harm memory. People remember material, like recall of nonsense syllables, better if they sleep 8 hours between study and test than if they are awake for 8 hours between study and test; this result supports the idea of __________. People mix up information when later asked about an event with information from the event itself; this is known as __________. People also remember things better when they study and are tested in the same location as opposed to different locations, which demonstrates _______.
Choices:
proactive interference; retroactive interference; proactive interference
proactive interference; proactive interference; encoding specificity
retroactive interference; retroactive interference; encoding specificity
retroactive interference; proactive interference; encoding specificity
Question: People incorrectly (a) often think that it is unlikely that two individuals among 30 people will share a birthday; (b) often think that more words begin with the letter "K" than have "K" in the third letter position; and (c) often estimate that the Mississippi River is shorter if they first answer if it is longer or shorter than 500 miles than if they first answer if it is longer or shorter than 5000 miles. These ways of thinking reflect, in order, what heuristics?
Choices:
(a) framing; (b) anchoring; (c) availability
(a) representativeness; (b) framing; (c) availability
(a) representativeness; (b) availability; (c) anchoring
(a) availability; (b) representativeness; (c) anchoring
Question: The number of chunks that can be held in short-term memory is typically conceptualized as
Choices:
9 plus or minus 2
7 plus or minus 2
5 plus or minus 2
3 plus or minus 2
Question: Experimental studies show that, for equal losses or gains, people are
Choices:
risk averse for losses and gains
risk taking for losses and gains
risk taking for gains and risk averse for losses
risk averse for gains and risk taking for losses
Question: Flash-bulb memories refer to memories for emotionally important events for which people feel that the memory is so vivid that it is like a picture. What is NOT true about flash-bulb memories according to research?
Choices:
One is more likely to remember such an emotionally powerful event than a typical event
Flash-bulb memories are susceptible to distortion
People are exceptionally accurate in assessing the accuracy of their flush-bulb memories
Flash-bulb memories relate both to external perceptions and internal feelings
Question: Experimental evidence indicates which of the following about lexical access?
Choices:
all meanings of words are activated for about 500 msec through 2000 msec
all meanings of words are activated for about 500 msec, and then only the relevant meaning is activated at 2000 msec
only relevant meanings of words are activated for about 500 msec through 2000 msec
only relevant meanings of words are activated for about 500 msec, and then all meanings are activated at 2000 msec