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Ncpea publications

This manuscript has been peer-reviewed, accepted, and endorsed by the National Council of Professors of Educational Administration (NCPEA) as a significant contribution to the scholarship and practice of education administration. In addition to publication in the Connexions Content Commons, this module is published in the NCPEA Handbook of Online Instruction and Programs in Education Leadership, ISBN 978-1-4507-7263-1.

    Editors

  • Janet Tareilo, Stephen F. Austin State University
  • Brad Bizzell, Virginia Tech

    Associate Editors

  • Beverly Irby, Sam Houston State University
  • Rosemary Papa, Northern Arizona University
  • Thomas Valesky, Florida Gulf Coast University
  • Theodore Creighton, Virginia Tech

    About the Autthors

  • Douglas M. DeWitt serves as Program Director for the M.E. in Educational Leadership at Salisbury University in Maryland.
  • Carolyn B. H. Rogers is the faculty chair of Curriculum&Instruction, Leadership in Educational Administration and Special Education Leadership at Capella University out of Minneapolis, Minnesota. Through online distance education she uses her experiences in K-12 and higher education to works with educators across the United States and abroad. She has written a number of articles on online teaching and the internship.

Introduction

The administrative internship has long been a vital and integral component of principal and superintendent preparation (Fry, Bottoms,&O'Neill, 2005); preparation that is necessary because it provides an opportunity for exposure to real life experiences and situations that leaders face in today’s schools and districts. As a result of the focus on accountability for educational leaders, now, more than ever, it is becoming increasingly difficult to attract and train quality candidates in school administration (Darling-Hammond, LaPointe, Meyerson, Orr,&Cohen, 2007; Sutton, Jobe, McCord, T. Jordon,&K. F. Jordon, 2008). As such, it is critical to provide a variety of delivery methods for certification.

Online education has come of age (U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 2009; Walling, 2003; Marx, 2006; Means, Toyama, Murphy, Bakia,&Jones, 2009). More and more postsecondary institutions are providing distance learning options as a regular choice in their offerings (U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics). Many candidates are attracted to the flexibility that online education offers. According to Ko and Rossen (2003), online learning offers more freedom…The convenience of learning online applies…to adult candidates, students from educationally underserved areas, those pursuing specialized or advanced degrees…No longer must they drive to school, find a parking space, sit in a lecture hall at a specific time, and take final exams in a stuffy room (p. 3).

Along with the advent of online education, there have been numerous calls for improvement in administrator preparation programs (Darling-Hammond et al., 2007; Davis, Darling-Hammond, LaPointe,&Meyerson, 2005; Fry et al., 2005; Orr, 2006; Wilmore&Bratlien, 2005). “At a time when educational leadership is a primary focus of education reform, schools of education have come under considerable scrutiny” (Orr, 2006, p. 492). As a result, many administrative preparation programs have revised and reshaped their programs to address this concern (Darling-Hammond et al., 2007; Davis et al., 2005; Fry&O'Neill, 2006; Orr, 2006).

Questions & Answers

how does Neisseria cause meningitis
Nyibol Reply
what is microbiologist
Muhammad Reply
what is errata
Muhammad
is the branch of biology that deals with the study of microorganisms.
Ntefuni Reply
What is microbiology
Mercy Reply
studies of microbes
Louisiaste
when we takee the specimen which lumbar,spin,
Ziyad Reply
How bacteria create energy to survive?
Muhamad Reply
Bacteria doesn't produce energy they are dependent upon their substrate in case of lack of nutrients they are able to make spores which helps them to sustain in harsh environments
_Adnan
But not all bacteria make spores, l mean Eukaryotic cells have Mitochondria which acts as powerhouse for them, since bacteria don't have it, what is the substitution for it?
Muhamad
they make spores
Louisiaste
what is sporadic nd endemic, epidemic
Aminu Reply
the significance of food webs for disease transmission
Abreham
food webs brings about an infection as an individual depends on number of diseased foods or carriers dully.
Mark
explain assimilatory nitrate reduction
Esinniobiwa Reply
Assimilatory nitrate reduction is a process that occurs in some microorganisms, such as bacteria and archaea, in which nitrate (NO3-) is reduced to nitrite (NO2-), and then further reduced to ammonia (NH3).
Elkana
This process is called assimilatory nitrate reduction because the nitrogen that is produced is incorporated in the cells of microorganisms where it can be used in the synthesis of amino acids and other nitrogen products
Elkana
Examples of thermophilic organisms
Shu Reply
Give Examples of thermophilic organisms
Shu
advantages of normal Flora to the host
Micheal Reply
Prevent foreign microbes to the host
Abubakar
they provide healthier benefits to their hosts
ayesha
They are friends to host only when Host immune system is strong and become enemies when the host immune system is weakened . very bad relationship!
Mark
what is cell
faisal Reply
cell is the smallest unit of life
Fauziya
cell is the smallest unit of life
Akanni
ok
Innocent
cell is the structural and functional unit of life
Hasan
is the fundamental units of Life
Musa
what are emergency diseases
Micheal Reply
There are nothing like emergency disease but there are some common medical emergency which can occur simultaneously like Bleeding,heart attack,Breathing difficulties,severe pain heart stock.Hope you will get my point .Have a nice day ❣️
_Adnan
define infection ,prevention and control
Innocent
I think infection prevention and control is the avoidance of all things we do that gives out break of infections and promotion of health practices that promote life
Lubega
Heyy Lubega hussein where are u from?
_Adnan
en français
Adama
which site have a normal flora
ESTHER Reply
Many sites of the body have it Skin Nasal cavity Oral cavity Gastro intestinal tract
Safaa
skin
Asiina
skin,Oral,Nasal,GIt
Sadik
How can Commensal can Bacteria change into pathogen?
Sadik
How can Commensal Bacteria change into pathogen?
Sadik
all
Tesfaye
by fussion
Asiina
what are the advantages of normal Flora to the host
Micheal
what are the ways of control and prevention of nosocomial infection in the hospital
Micheal
what is inflammation
Shelly Reply
part of a tissue or an organ being wounded or bruised.
Wilfred
what term is used to name and classify microorganisms?
Micheal Reply
Binomial nomenclature
adeolu
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Source:  OpenStax, Ncpea handbook of online instruction and programs in education leadership. OpenStax CNX. Mar 06, 2012 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11375/1.24
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