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3.1 The cell membrane Read Online
3.2 The cytoplasm and cellular organelles Read Online
3.3 The nucleus and dna replication Read Online
3.4 Protein synthesis Read Online
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
You developed from a single fertilized egg cell into the complex organism containing trillions of cells that you see when you look in a mirror. During this developmental process, early, undifferentiated cells differentiate and become specialized in their structure and function. These different cell types form specialized tissues that work in concert to perform all of the functions necessary for the living organism. Cellular and developmental biologists study how the continued division of a single cell leads to such complexity and differentiation.
Consider the difference between a structural cell in the skin and a nerve cell. A structural skin cell may be shaped like a flat plate (squamous) and live only for a short time before it is shed and replaced. Packed tightly into rows and sheets, the squamous skin cells provide a protective barrier for the cells and tissues that lie beneath. A nerve cell, on the other hand, may be shaped something like a star, sending out long processes up to a meter in length and may live for the entire lifetime of the organism. With their long winding appendages, nerve cells can communicate with one another and with other types of body cells and send rapid signals that inform the organism about its environment and allow it to interact with that environment. These differences illustrate one very important theme that is consistent at all organizational levels of biology: the form of a structure is optimally suited to perform particular functions assigned to that structure. Keep this theme in mind as you tour the inside of a cell and are introduced to the various types of cells in the body.
A primary responsibility of each cell is to contribute to homeostasis. Homeostasis is a term used in biology that refers to a dynamic state of balance within parameters that are compatible with life. For example, living cells require a water-based environment to survive in, and there are various physical (anatomical) and physiological mechanisms that keep all of the trillions of living cells in the human body moist. This is one aspect of homeostasis. When a particular parameter, such as blood pressure or blood oxygen content, moves far enough out of homeostasis (generally becoming too high or too low), illness or disease—and sometimes death—inevitably results.
The concept of a cell started with microscopic observations of dead cork tissue by scientist Robert Hooke in 1665. Without realizing their function or importance, Hook coined the term “cell” based on the resemblance of the small subdivisions in the cork to the rooms that monks inhabited, called cells. About ten years later, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to observe living and moving cells under a microscope. In the century that followed, the theory that cells represented the basic unit of life would develop. These tiny fluid-filled sacs house components responsible for the thousands of biochemical reactions necessary for an organism to grow and survive. In this chapter, you will learn about the major components and functions of a prototypical, generalized cell and discover some of the different types of cells in the human body.
Question: The nucleus and mitochondria share which of the following features?
Choices:
protein-lined membrane pores
a double cell membrane
the synthesis of ribosomes
the production of cellular energy
Question: Which of the following is a feature common to all three components of the cytoskeleton?
Choices:
They all serve to scaffold the organelles within the cell.
They are all characterized by roughly the same diameter.
They are all polymers of protein subunits.
They all help the cell resist compression and tension.
Question: Which of the following structures could be found within the nucleolus?
Choices:
chromatin
histones
ribosomes
nucleosomes
Question: Which of the following is a function of the rough ER?
Choices:
production of proteins
detoxification of certain substances
synthesis of steroid hormones
regulation of intracellular calcium concentration
Question: Choose the answer that best completes the following analogy: Diffusion is to ________ as endocytosis is to ________.
Choices:
filtration; phagocytosis
osmosis; pinocytosis
solutes; fluid
gradient; chemical energy
Question: Because they are embedded within the membrane, ion channels are examples of ________.
Choices:
receptor proteins
integral proteins
peripheral proteins
glycoproteins
Question: Choose the term that best completes the following analogy: Cytoplasm is to cytosol as a swimming pool containing chlorine and flotation toys is to ________.
Choices:
the walls of the pool
the chlorine
the flotation toys
the water
Question: The rough ER has its name due to what associated structures?
Choices:
Golgi apparatus
ribosomes
lysosomes
proteins
Question: Which of the following organelles produces large quantities of ATP when both glucose and oxygen are available to the cell?
Choices:
mitochondria
peroxisomes
lysosomes
ER
Question: Ion pumps and phagocytosis are both examples of ________.
Choices:
endocytosis
passive transport
active transport
facilitated diffusion
Question: The diffusion of substances within a solution tends to move those substances ________ their ________ gradient.
Choices:
up; electrical
up; electrochemical
down; pressure
down; concentration
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