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Access these online resources for additional instruction and practice with quadratic equations.

Key equations

general form of a quadratic function f ( x ) = a x 2 + b x + c
standard form of a quadratic function f ( x ) = a ( x h ) 2 + k

Key concepts

  • A polynomial function of degree two is called a quadratic function.
  • The graph of a quadratic function is a parabola. A parabola is a U-shaped curve that can open either up or down.
  • The axis of symmetry is the vertical line passing through the vertex. The zeros, or x - intercepts, are the points at which the parabola crosses the x - axis. The y - intercept is the point at which the parabola crosses the y - axis. See [link] , [link] , and [link] .
  • Quadratic functions are often written in general form. Standard or vertex form is useful to easily identify the vertex of a parabola. Either form can be written from a graph. See [link] .
  • The vertex can be found from an equation representing a quadratic function. See [link] .
  • The domain of a quadratic function is all real numbers. The range varies with the function. See [link] .
  • A quadratic function’s minimum or maximum value is given by the y - value of the vertex.
  • The minimum or maximum value of a quadratic function can be used to determine the range of the function and to solve many kinds of real-world problems, including problems involving area and revenue. See [link] and [link] .
  • The vertex and the intercepts can be identified and interpreted to solve real-world problems. See [link] .

Section exercises

Verbal

Explain the advantage of writing a quadratic function in standard form.

When written in that form, the vertex can be easily identified.

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How can the vertex of a parabola be used in solving real-world problems?

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Explain why the condition of a 0 is imposed in the definition of the quadratic function.

If a = 0 then the function becomes a linear function.

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What is another name for the standard form of a quadratic function?

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What two algebraic methods can be used to find the horizontal intercepts of a quadratic function?

If possible, we can use factoring. Otherwise, we can use the quadratic formula.

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Algebraic

For the following exercises, rewrite the quadratic functions in standard form and give the vertex.

f ( x ) = x 2 12 x + 32

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g ( x ) = x 2 + 2 x 3

f ( x ) = ( x + 1 ) 2 2 , Vertex ( 1 , 4 )

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f ( x ) = x 2 + 5 x 2

f ( x ) = ( x + 5 2 ) 2 33 4 , Vertex ( 5 2 , 33 4 )

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h ( x ) = 2 x 2 + 8 x 10

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k ( x ) = 3 x 2 6 x 9

f ( x ) = 3 ( x 1 ) 2 12 , Vertex ( 1 , 12 )

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f ( x ) = 3 x 2 5 x 1

f ( x ) = 3 ( x 5 6 ) 2 37 12 , Vertex ( 5 6 , 37 12 )

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For the following exercises, determine whether there is a minimum or maximum value to each quadratic function. Find the value and the axis of symmetry.

y ( x ) = 2 x 2 + 10 x + 12

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f ( x ) = 2 x 2 10 x + 4

Minimum is 17 2 and occurs at 5 2 . Axis of symmetry is x = 5 2 .

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f ( x ) = x 2 + 4 x + 3

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f ( x ) = 4 x 2 + x 1

Minimum is 17 16 and occurs at 1 8 . Axis of symmetry is x = 1 8 .

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h ( t ) = −4 t 2 + 6 t 1

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f ( x ) = 1 2 x 2 + 3 x + 1

Minimum is 7 2 and occurs at −3. Axis of symmetry is x = −3.

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f ( x ) = 1 3 x 2 2 x + 3

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For the following exercises, determine the domain and range of the quadratic function.

f ( x ) = ( x 3 ) 2 + 2

Domain is ( , ) . Range is [ 2 , ) .

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Questions & Answers

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is the branch of biology that deals with the study of microorganisms.
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studies of microbes
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Bacteria doesn't produce energy they are dependent upon their substrate in case of lack of nutrients they are able to make spores which helps them to sustain in harsh environments
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But not all bacteria make spores, l mean Eukaryotic cells have Mitochondria which acts as powerhouse for them, since bacteria don't have it, what is the substitution for it?
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they make spores
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food webs brings about an infection as an individual depends on number of diseased foods or carriers dully.
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Assimilatory nitrate reduction is a process that occurs in some microorganisms, such as bacteria and archaea, in which nitrate (NO3-) is reduced to nitrite (NO2-), and then further reduced to ammonia (NH3).
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This process is called assimilatory nitrate reduction because the nitrogen that is produced is incorporated in the cells of microorganisms where it can be used in the synthesis of amino acids and other nitrogen products
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Prevent foreign microbes to the host
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They are friends to host only when Host immune system is strong and become enemies when the host immune system is weakened . very bad relationship!
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cell is the smallest unit of life
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cell is the structural and functional unit of life
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is the fundamental units of Life
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Many sites of the body have it Skin Nasal cavity Oral cavity Gastro intestinal tract
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part of a tissue or an organ being wounded or bruised.
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Binomial nomenclature
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Microbiology is the scientific study of microorganisms
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Source:  OpenStax, Algebra and trigonometry. OpenStax CNX. Nov 14, 2016 Download for free at https://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11758/1.6
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