# 3.2 Independent and mutually exclusive events  (Page 2/23)

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## Try it

A box has two balls, one white and one red. We select one ball, put it back in the box, and select a second ball (sampling with replacement). Let T be the event of getting the white ball twice, F the event of picking the white ball first, S the event of picking the white ball in the second drawing.

1. Compute P ( T ).
2. Compute P ( T | F ).
3. Are T and F independent?.
4. Are F and S mutually exclusive?
5. Are F and S independent?
1. P ( T ) = $\frac{1}{4}$
2. P ( T | F ) = $\frac{1}{2}$
3. No
4. No
5. Yes

## References

Lopez, Shane, Preety Sidhu. “U.S. Teachers Love Their Lives, but Struggle in the Workplace.” Gallup Wellbeing, 2013. http://www.gallup.com/poll/161516/teachers-love-lives-struggle-workplace.aspx (accessed May 2, 2013).

Data from Gallup. Available online at www.gallup.com/ (accessed May 2, 2013).

## Chapter review

Two events A and B are independent if the knowledge that one occurred does not affect the chance the other occurs. If two events are not independent, then we say that they are dependent.

In sampling with replacement, each member of a population is replaced after it is picked, so that member has the possibility of being chosen more than once, and the events are considered to be independent. In sampling without replacement, each member of a population may be chosen only once, and the events are considered not to be independent. When events do not share outcomes, they are mutually exclusive of each other.

## Formula review

If A and B are independent, P ( A AND B ) = P ( A ) P ( B ), P ( A | B ) = P ( A ) and P ( B | A ) = P ( B ).

If A and B are mutually exclusive, P ( A OR B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) and P ( A AND B ) = 0.

E and F are mutually exclusive events. P ( E ) = 0.4; P ( F ) = 0.5. Find P ( E F ).

J and K are independent events. P ( J | K ) = 0.3. Find P ( J ).

P ( J ) = 0.3

U and V are mutually exclusive events. P ( U ) = 0.26; P ( V ) = 0.37. Find:

1. P ( U AND V ) =
2. P ( U | V ) =
3. P ( U OR V ) =

Q and R are independent events. P ( Q ) = 0.4 and P ( Q  AND  R ) = 0.1. Find P ( R ).

P ( Q AND R ) = P ( Q ) P ( R )

0.1 = (0.4) P ( R )

P ( R ) = 0.25

## Bringing it together

A previous year, the weights of the members of the San Francisco 49ers and the Dallas Cowboys were published in the San Jose Mercury News . The factual data are compiled into [link] .

Shirt# ≤ 210 211–250 251–290 290≤
1–33 21 5 0 0
34–66 6 18 7 4
66–99 6 12 22 5

For the following, suppose that you randomly select one player from the 49ers or Cowboys.

If having a shirt number from one to 33 and weighing at most 210 pounds were independent events, then what should be true about P (Shirt# 1–33|≤ 210 pounds)?

The probability that a male develops some form of cancer in his lifetime is 0.4567. The probability that a male has at least one false positive test result (meaning the test comes back for cancer when the man does not have it) is 0.51. Some of the following questions do not have enough information for you to answer them. Write “not enough information” for those answers. Let C = a man develops cancer in his lifetime and P = man has at least one false positive.

1. P ( C ) = ______
2. P ( P | C ) = ______
3. P ( P | C' ) = ______
4. If a test comes up positive, based upon numerical values, can you assume that man has cancer? Justify numerically and explain why or why not.

1. P ( C ) = 0.4567
2. not enough information
3. not enough information
4. No, because over half (0.51) of men have at least one false positive text

Given events G and H : P ( G ) = 0.43; P ( H ) = 0.26; P ( H AND G ) = 0.14

1. Find P ( H OR G ).
2. Find the probability of the complement of event ( H AND G ).
3. Find the probability of the complement of event ( H OR G ).

Given events J and K : P ( J ) = 0.18; P ( K ) = 0.37; P ( J OR K ) = 0.45

1. Find P ( J AND K ).
2. Find the probability of the complement of event ( J AND K ).
3. Find the probability of the complement of event ( J AND K ).
1. P ( J OR K ) = P ( J ) + P ( K ) − P ( J AND K ); 0.45 = 0.18 + 0.37 - P ( J AND K ); solve to find P ( J AND K ) = 0.10
2. P (NOT ( J AND K )) = 1 - P ( J AND K ) = 1 - 0.10 = 0.90
3. P (NOT ( J OR K )) = 1 - P ( J OR K ) = 1 - 0.45 = 0.55

The probability range is 0 to 1... but why we take it 0 to 1....
what do they mean in a question when you are asked to find P40 and P88
Mani
hi
Mehri
you're asked to find page 40 and page 88 on that particular book.
Joseph
hi
ravi
any suggestions for statistics app better than this
ravi
sorry miss wrote the question
omar
No problem) By the way. I NEED a program For statistical data analysis. Any suggestion?
Mani
Eviews will help u
Hello
Okonkwo
arey there any data analyst and working on sas statistical model building
ravi
Hi guys ,actually I have dicovered that the P40 and P88 means finding the 40th and 88th percentiles 😌..
Megrina
who can explain the euclidian distance
ravi
I am fresh student of statistics (BS) plz guide me best app or best website relative to stat topics
Noman
IMAGESNEWSVIDEOS A Dictionary of Computing. measures of location Quantities that represent the average or typical value of a random variable (compare measures of variation). They are either properties of a probability distribution or computed statistics of a sample. Three important measures are the mean, median, and mode.
define the measures of location
IMAGESNEWSVIDEOS A Dictionary of Computing. measures of location Quantities that represent the average or typical value of a random variable (compare measures of variation). They are either properties of a probability distribution or computed statistics of a sample. Three important measures are th
Ahmed
hi i have a question....
what is confidence interval estimate and its formula in getting it
discuss the roles of vital and health statistic in the planning of health service of the community
given that the probability of
BITRUS
can man city win Liverpool ?
There are two coins on a table. When both are flipped, one coin land on heads eith probability 0.5 while the other lands on head with probability 0.6. A coin is randomly selected from the table and flipped. (a) what is probability it lands on heads? (b) given that it lands on tail, what is the Condi
0.5*0.5+0.5*0.6
Ravasz
It should be a Machine learning terms。
Mok
it is a term used in linear regression
Saurav
what are the differences between standard deviation and variancs?
Enhance
what is statistics
statistics is the collection and interpretation of data
Enhance
the science of summarization and description of numerical facts
Enhance
Is the estimation of probability
Zaini
mr. zaini..can u tell me more clearly how to calculated pair t test
Haai
do you have MG Akarwal Statistics' book Zaini?
Enhance
Haai how r u?
Enhance
maybe .... mathematics is the science of simplification and statistics is the interpretation of such values and its implications.
Miguel
can we discuss about pair test
Haai
what is outlier?
outlier is an observation point that is distant from other observations.
Gidigah
what is its effect on mode?
Usama
Outlier  have little effect on the mode of a given set of data.
Gidigah
How can you identify a possible outlier(s) in a data set.
Daniel
The best visualisation method to identify the outlier is box and wisker method or boxplot diagram. The points which are located outside the max edge of wisker(both side) are considered as outlier.
Akash
@Daniel Adunkwah - Usually you can identify an outlier visually. They lie outside the observed pattern of the other data points, thus they're called outliers.
Ron
what is completeness?
I am new to this. I am trying to learn.
Dom
I am also new Dom, welcome!
Nthabi
thanks
Dom
please my friend i want same general points about statistics. say same thing
alex
outliers do not have effect on mode
Meselu
also new
yousaf
I don't get the example
ways of collecting data at least 10 and explain
Example of discrete variable
Gbenga
I am new here, can I get someone to guide up?
alayo
dies outcome is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 nothing come outside of it. it is an example of discrete variable
jainesh
continue variable is any value value between 0 to 1 it could be 4digit values eg 0.1, 0.21, 0.13, 0.623, 0.32
jainesh
hi
Kachalla
what's up here ... am new here
Kachalla
sorry question a bit unclear...do you mean how do you analyze quantitative data? If yes, it depends on the specific question(s) you set in the beginning as well as on the data you collected. So the method of data analysis will be dependent on the data collecter and questions asked.
Bheka
how to solve for degree of freedom
saliou
Quantitative data is the data in numeric form. For eg: Income of persons asked is 10,000. This data is quantitative data on the other hand data collected for either make or female is qualitative data.
Rohan
*male
Rohan
Degree of freedom is the unconditionality. For example if you have total number of observations n, and you have to calculate variance, obviously you will need mean for that. Here mean is a condition, without which you cannot calculate variance. Therefore degree of freedom for variance will be n-1.
Rohan
data that is best presented in categories like haircolor, food taste (good, bad, fair, terrible) constitutes qualitative data
Bheka
vegetation types (grasslands, forests etc) qualitative data
Bheka