The goodness–of–fit test can be used to decide whether a population fits a given distribution, but it will not suffice to decide whether two populations follow the same unknown distribution. A different test, called the
test for homogeneity , can be used to draw a conclusion about whether two populations have the same distribution. To calculate the test statistic for a test for homogeneity, follow the same procedure as with the test of independence.
Note
The expected value for each cell needs to be at least five in order for you to use this test.
Hypotheses
H
0 : The distributions of the two populations are the same.
H
a : The distributions of the two populations are not the same.
Test statistic
Use a
test statistic. It is computed in the same way as the test for independence.
Degrees of freedom (
df )
df = number of columns - 1
Requirements
All values in the table must be greater than or equal to five.
Common uses
Comparing two populations. For example: men vs. women, before vs. after, east vs. west. The variable is categorical with more than two possible response values.
Do male and female college students have the same distribution of living arrangements? Use a level of significance of 0.05. Suppose that 250 randomly selected male college students and 300 randomly selected female college students were asked about their living arrangements: dormitory, apartment, with parents, other. The results are shown in
[link] . Do male and female college students have the same distribution of living arrangements?
Distribution of living arragements for college males and college females
Dormitory
Apartment
With Parents
Other
Males
72
84
49
45
Females
91
86
88
35
H
0 : The distribution of living arrangements for male college students is the same as the distribution of living arrangements for female college students.
H
a : The distribution of living arrangements for male college students is not the same as the distribution of living arrangements for female college students.
Degrees of Freedom (
df ): df = number of columns – 1 = 4 – 1 = 3
Distribution for the test:
Calculate the test statistic:χ2 = 10.1287 (calculator or computer)
Probability statement:p -value =
P (
χ2 >10.1287) = 0.0175
Press the
MATRX key and arrow over to
EDIT . Press
1:[A] . Press
2 ENTER 4 ENTER . Enter the table values by row. Press
ENTER after each. Press
2nd QUIT . Press
STAT and arrow over to
TESTS . Arrow down to
C:χ2-TEST . Press
ENTER . You should see
Observed:[A] and Expected:[B] . Arrow down to
Calculate . Press
ENTER . The test statistic is 10.1287 and the
p -value = 0.0175. Do the procedure a second time but arrow down to
Draw instead of
calculate .
Compare
α and the
p -value: Since no
α is given, assume
α = 0.05.
p -value = 0.0175.
α >
p -value.
Make a decision: Since
α >
p -value, reject
H
0 . This means that the distributions are not the same.
Conclusion: At a 5% level of significance, from the data, there is sufficient evidence to conclude that the distributions of living arrangements for male and female college students are not the same.
Notice that the conclusion is only that the distributions are not the same. We cannot use the test for homogeneity to draw any conclusions about how they differ.
Communication is effective because it allows individuals to share ideas, thoughts, and information with others.
effective communication can lead to improved outcomes in various settings, including personal relationships, business environments, and educational settings. By communicating effectively, individuals can negotiate effectively, solve problems collaboratively, and work towards common goals.
it starts up serve and return practice/assessments.it helps find voice talking therapy also assessments through relaxed conversation.
miss
Every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building, the person begins to jumb back automatically after hearing the flush, before the water temperature changes. Identify the types of learning, if it is classical conditioning identify the NS, UCS, CS and CR. If it is operant conditioning, identify the type of consequence positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement or punishment
nature is an hereditary factor while nurture is an environmental factor which constitute an individual personality. so if an individual's parent has a deviant behavior and was also brought up in an deviant environment, observation of the behavior and the inborn trait we make the individual deviant.
Samuel
I am taking this course because I am hoping that I could somehow learn more about my chosen field of interest and due to the fact that being a PsyD really ignites my passion as an individual the more I hope to learn about developing and literally explore the complexity of my critical thinking skills
hello. autism is a umbrella term. autistic kids have different disorder overlapping. for example. a kid may show symptoms of ADHD and also learning disabilities.
before treatment please make sure the kid doesn't have physical disabilities like hearing..vision..speech problem. sometimes these
Jharna
continue..
sometimes due to these physical problems..the diagnosis may be misdiagnosed.
treatment for autism.
well it depends on the severity.
since autistic kids have problems in communicating and adopting to the environment.. it's best to expose the child in situations where the child
Jharna
child interact with other kids under doc supervision.
play therapy.
speech therapy.
Engaging in different activities that activate most parts of the brain.. like drawing..painting. matching color board game.
string and beads game.
the more you interact with the child the more effective
Jharna
results you'll get..
please consult a therapist to know what suits best on your child.
and last as a parent. I know sometimes it's overwhelming to guide a special kid.
but trust the process and be strong and patient as a parent.
Jharna
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