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When does an extraneous solution occur? How can an extraneous solution be recognized?

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When can the one-to-one property of logarithms be used to solve an equation? When can it not be used?

The one-to-one property can be used if both sides of the equation can be rewritten as a single logarithm with the same base. If so, the arguments can be set equal to each other, and the resulting equation can be solved algebraically. The one-to-one property cannot be used when each side of the equation cannot be rewritten as a single logarithm with the same base.

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Algebraic

For the following exercises, use like bases to solve the exponential equation.

4 3 v 2 = 4 v

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64 4 3 x = 16

x = 1 3

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2 3 n 1 4 = 2 n + 2

n = 1

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36 3 b 36 2 b = 216 2 b

b = 6 5

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( 1 64 ) 3 n 8 = 2 6

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For the following exercises, use logarithms to solve.

e r + 10 10 = −42

No solution

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8 10 p + 7 7 = −24

p = log ( 17 8 ) 7

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7 e 3 n 5 + 5 = −89

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e 3 k + 6 = 44

k = ln ( 38 ) 3

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5 e 9 x 8 8 = −62

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6 e 9 x + 8 + 2 = −74

x = ln ( 38 3 ) 8 9

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e 2 x e x 132 = 0

x = ln 12  

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7 e 8 x + 8 5 = −95

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10 e 8 x + 3 + 2 = 8

x = ln ( 3 5 ) 3 8

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8 e 5 x 2 4 = −90

no solution

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e 2 x e x 6 = 0

x = ln ( 3 )

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3 e 3 3 x + 6 = −31

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For the following exercises, use the definition of a logarithm to rewrite the equation as an exponential equation.

log ( 1 100 ) = −2

10 2 = 1 100

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For the following exercises, use the definition of a logarithm to solve the equation.

4 + log 2 ( 9 k ) = 2

k = 1 36

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2 log ( 8 n + 4 ) + 6 = 10

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10 4 ln ( 9 8 x ) = 6

x = 9 e 8

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For the following exercises, use the one-to-one property of logarithms to solve.

ln ( 10 3 x ) = ln ( 4 x )

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log 13 ( 5 n 2 ) = log 13 ( 8 5 n )

n = 1

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log ( x + 3 ) log ( x ) = log ( 74 )

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ln ( 3 x ) = ln ( x 2 6 x )

No solution

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log 4 ( 6 m ) = log 4 3 m

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ln ( x 2 ) ln ( x ) = ln ( 54 )

No solution

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log 9 ( 2 n 2 14 n ) = log 9 ( 45 + n 2 )

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ln ( x 2 10 ) + ln ( 9 ) = ln ( 10 )

x = ± 10 3

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For the following exercises, solve each equation for x .

log ( x + 12 ) = log ( x ) + log ( 12 )

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ln ( x ) + ln ( x 3 ) = ln ( 7 x )

x = 10

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ln ( 7 ) + ln ( 2 4 x 2 ) = ln ( 14 )

x = 0

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log 8 ( x + 6 ) log 8 ( x ) = log 8 ( 58 )

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ln ( 3 ) ln ( 3 3 x ) = ln ( 4 )

x = 3 4

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log 3 ( 3 x ) log 3 ( 6 ) = log 3 ( 77 )

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Graphical

For the following exercises, solve the equation for x , if there is a solution . Then graph both sides of the equation, and observe the point of intersection (if it exists) to verify the solution.

log 9 ( x ) 5 = −4

x = 9

Graph of log_9(x)-5=y and y=-4.
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ln ( 3 x ) = 2

x = e 2 3 2.5

Graph of ln(3x)=y and y=2.
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log ( 4 ) + log ( 5 x ) = 2

x = 5

Graph of log(4)+log(-5x)=y and y=2.
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7 + log 3 ( 4 x ) = −6

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ln ( 4 x 10 ) 6 = 5

x = e + 10 4 3.2

Graph of ln(4x-10)-6=y and y=-5.
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log ( 4 2 x ) = log ( 4 x )

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log 11 ( 2 x 2 7 x ) = log 11 ( x 2 )

No solution

Graph of log_11(-2x^2-7x)=y and y=log_11(x-2).
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ln ( 2 x + 9 ) = ln ( 5 x )

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log 9 ( 3 x ) = log 9 ( 4 x 8 )

x = 11 5 2.2

Graph of log_9(3-x)=y and y=log_9(4x-8).
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log ( x 2 + 13 ) = log ( 7 x + 3 )

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3 log 2 ( 10 ) log ( x 9 ) = log ( 44 )

x = 101 11 9.2

Graph of 3/log_2(10)-log(x-9)=y and y=log(44).
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ln ( x ) ln ( x + 3 ) = ln ( 6 )

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For the following exercises, solve for the indicated value, and graph the situation showing the solution point.

An account with an initial deposit of $6,500 earns 7.25 % annual interest, compounded continuously. How much will the account be worth after 20 years?

about $ 27 , 710.24

Graph of f(x)=6500e^(0.0725x) with the labeled point at (20, 27710.24).
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The formula for measuring sound intensity in decibels D is defined by the equation D = 10 log ( I I 0 ) , where I is the intensity of the sound in watts per square meter and I 0 = 10 12 is the lowest level of sound that the average person can hear. How many decibels are emitted from a jet plane with a sound intensity of 8.3 10 2 watts per square meter?

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The population of a small town is modeled by the equation P = 1650 e 0.5 t where t is measured in years. In approximately how many years will the town’s population reach 20,000?

about 5 years

Graph of P(t)=1650e^(0.5x) with the labeled point at (5, 20000).
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Technology

For the following exercises, solve each equation by rewriting the exponential expression using the indicated logarithm. Then use a calculator to approximate x to 3 decimal places .

1000 ( 1.03 ) t = 5000 using the common log.

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e 5 x = 17 using the natural log

ln ( 17 ) 5 0.567

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3 ( 1.04 ) 3 t = 8 using the common log

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3 4 x 5 = 38 using the common log

x = log ( 38 ) + 5 log ( 3 )     4 log ( 3 ) 2.078

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50 e 0.12 t = 10 using the natural log

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For the following exercises, use a calculator to solve the equation. Unless indicated otherwise, round all answers to the nearest ten-thousandth.

7 e 3 x 5 + 7.9 = 47

x 2.2401

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ln ( 3 ) + ln ( 4.4 x + 6.8 ) = 2

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log ( 0.7 x 9 ) = 1 + 5 log ( 5 )

x 44655 . 7143

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Atmospheric pressure P in pounds per square inch is represented by the formula P = 14.7 e 0.21 x , where x is the number of miles above sea level. To the nearest foot, how high is the peak of a mountain with an atmospheric pressure of 8.369 pounds per square inch? ( Hint : there are 5280 feet in a mile)

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The magnitude M of an earthquake is represented by the equation M = 2 3 log ( E E 0 ) where E is the amount of energy released by the earthquake in joules and E 0 = 10 4.4 is the assigned minimal measure released by an earthquake. To the nearest hundredth, what would the magnitude be of an earthquake releasing 1.4 10 13 joules of energy?

about 5.83

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Extensions

Use the definition of a logarithm along with the one-to-one property of logarithms to prove that b log b x = x .

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Recall the formula for continually compounding interest, y = A e k t . Use the definition of a logarithm along with properties of logarithms to solve the formula for time t such that t is equal to a single logarithm.

t = ln ( ( y A ) 1 k )

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Recall the compound interest formula A = a ( 1 + r k ) k t . Use the definition of a logarithm along with properties of logarithms to solve the formula for time t .

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Newton’s Law of Cooling states that the temperature T of an object at any time t can be described by the equation T = T s + ( T 0 T s ) e k t , where T s is the temperature of the surrounding environment, T 0 is the initial temperature of the object, and k is the cooling rate. Use the definition of a logarithm along with properties of logarithms to solve the formula for time t such that t is equal to a single logarithm.

t = ln ( ( T T s T 0 T s ) 1 k )

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Questions & Answers

it is the relatively stable flow of income
Chidubem Reply
what is circular flow of income
Divine Reply
branches of macroeconomics
SHEDRACK Reply
what is Flexible exchang rate?
poudel Reply
is gdp a reliable measurement of wealth
Atega Reply
introduction to econometrics
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Why is unemployment rate never zero at full employment?
Priyanka Reply
bcoz of existence of frictional unemployment in our economy.
Umashankar
what is flexible exchang rate?
poudel
due to existence of the pple with disabilities
Abdulraufu
the demand of a good rises, causing the demand for another good to fall
Rushawn Reply
is it possible to leave every good at the same level
Joseph
I don't think so. because check it, if the demand for chicken increases, people will no longer consume fish like they used to causing a fall in the demand for fish
Anuolu
is not really possible to let the value of a goods to be same at the same time.....
Salome
Suppose the inflation rate is 6%, does it mean that all the goods you purchase will cost 6% more than previous year? Provide with reasoning.
Geetha Reply
Not necessarily. To measure the inflation rate economists normally use an averaged price index of a basket of certain goods. So if you purchase goods included in the basket, you will notice that you pay 6% more, otherwise not necessarily.
Waeth
discus major problems of macroeconomics
Alii Reply
what is the problem of macroeconomics
Yoal
Economic growth Stable prices and low unemployment
Ephraim
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what is inflation
Getu
increase in general price levels
WEETO
Good day How do I calculate this question: C= 100+5yd G= 2000 T= 2000 I(planned)=200. Suppose the actual output is 3000. What is the level of planned expenditures at this level of output?
Chisomo Reply
how to calculate actual output?
Chisomo
how to calculate the equilibrium income
Beshir
Criteria for determining money supply
Thapase Reply
who we can define macroeconomics in one line
Muhammad
Aggregate demand
Mohammed
C=k100 +9y and i=k50.calculate the equilibrium level of output
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money as unit of account means what?
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A unit of account is something that can be used to value goods and services and make calculations
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Muhammad
I want to know how can we define macroeconomics in one line
Muhammad
it must be .9 or 0.9 no Mpc is greater than 1 Y=100+.9Y+50 Y-.9Y=150 0.1Y/0.1=150/0.1 Y=1500
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Kalombe
hi can someone help me on this question If a negative shocks shifts the IS curve to the left, what type of policy do you suggest so as to stabilize the level of output? discuss your answer using appropriate graph.
Galge Reply
if interest rate is increased this will will reduce the level of income shifting the curve to the left ◀️
Kalombe
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Source:  OpenStax, Precalculus. OpenStax CNX. Jan 19, 2016 Download for free at https://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11667/1.6
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