# 4.5 Logarithmic properties

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In this section, you will:
• Use the product rule for logarithms.
• Use the quotient rule for logarithms.
• Use the power rule for logarithms.
• Expand logarithmic expressions.
• Condense logarithmic expressions.
• Use the change-of-base formula for logarithms.

In chemistry, pH is used as a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a substance. The pH scale runs from 0 to 14. Substances with a pH less than 7 are considered acidic, and substances with a pH greater than 7 are said to be alkaline. Our bodies, for instance, must maintain a pH close to 7.35 in order for enzymes to work properly. To get a feel for what is acidic and what is alkaline, consider the following pH levels of some common substances:

• Battery acid: 0.8
• Stomach acid: 2.7
• Orange juice: 3.3
• Pure water: 7 (at 25° C)
• Human blood: 7.35
• Fresh coconut: 7.8
• Sodium hydroxide (lye): 14

To determine whether a solution is acidic or alkaline, we find its pH, which is a measure of the number of active positive hydrogen ions in the solution. The pH is defined by the following formula, where $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}a\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ is the concentration of hydrogen ion in the solution

The equivalence of $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}-\mathrm{log}\left(\left[{H}^{+}\right]\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ and $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{log}\left(\frac{1}{\left[{H}^{+}\right]}\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ is one of the logarithm properties we will examine in this section.

## Using the product rule for logarithms

Recall that the logarithmic and exponential functions “undo” each other. This means that logarithms have similar properties to exponents. Some important properties of logarithms are given here. First, the following properties are easy to prove.

$\begin{array}{l}{\mathrm{log}}_{b}1=0\\ {\mathrm{log}}_{b}b=1\end{array}$

For example, $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{\mathrm{log}}_{5}1=0\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ since $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{5}^{0}=1.\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ And $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{\mathrm{log}}_{5}5=1\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ since $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{5}^{1}=5.$

Next, we have the inverse property.

For example, to evaluate $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{log}\left(100\right),$ we can rewrite the logarithm as $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{\mathrm{log}}_{10}\left({10}^{2}\right),$ and then apply the inverse property $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{\mathrm{log}}_{b}\left({b}^{x}\right)=x\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ to get $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{\mathrm{log}}_{10}\left({10}^{2}\right)=2.$

To evaluate $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{e}^{\mathrm{ln}\left(7\right)},$ we can rewrite the logarithm as $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{e}^{{\mathrm{log}}_{e}7},$ and then apply the inverse property $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{b}^{{\mathrm{log}}_{b}x}=x\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ to get $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{e}^{{\mathrm{log}}_{e}7}=7.$

Finally, we have the one-to-one property.

We can use the one-to-one property to solve the equation $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{\mathrm{log}}_{3}\left(3x\right)={\mathrm{log}}_{3}\left(2x+5\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ for $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x.\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ Since the bases are the same, we can apply the one-to-one property by setting the arguments equal and solving for $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x:$

But what about the equation $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{\mathrm{log}}_{3}\left(3x\right)+{\mathrm{log}}_{3}\left(2x+5\right)=2?\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ The one-to-one property does not help us in this instance. Before we can solve an equation like this, we need a method for combining terms on the left side of the equation.

Recall that we use the product rule of exponents to combine the product of exponents by adding: $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{x}^{a}{x}^{b}={x}^{a+b}.\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ We have a similar property for logarithms, called the product rule for logarithms , which says that the logarithm of a product is equal to a sum of logarithms. Because logs are exponents, and we multiply like bases, we can add the exponents. We will use the inverse property to derive the product rule below.

Given any real number $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ and positive real numbers and $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}b,$ where $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}b\ne 1,$ we will show

I've run into this: x = r*cos(angle1 + angle2) Which expands to: x = r(cos(angle1)*cos(angle2) - sin(angle1)*sin(angle2)) The r value confuses me here, because distributing it makes: (r*cos(angle2))(cos(angle1) - (r*sin(angle2))(sin(angle1)) How does this make sense? Why does the r distribute once
How can you tell what type of parent function a graph is ?
generally by how the graph looks and understanding what the base parent functions look like and perform on a graph
William
if you have a graphed line, you can have an idea by how the directions of the line turns, i.e. negative, positive, zero
William
y=x will obviously be a straight line with a zero slope
William
y=x^2 will have a parabolic line opening to positive infinity on both sides of the y axis vice versa with y=-x^2 you'll have both ends of the parabolic line pointing downward heading to negative infinity on both sides of the y axis
William
y=x will be a straight line, but it will have a slope of one. Remember, if y=1 then x=1, so for every unit you rise you move over positively one unit. To get a straight line with a slope of 0, set y=1 or any integer.
Aaron
yes, correction on my end, I meant slope of 1 instead of slope of 0
William
what is f(x)=
I don't understand
Joe
Typically a function 'f' will take 'x' as input, and produce 'y' as output. As 'f(x)=y'. According to Google, "The range of a function is the complete set of all possible resulting values of the dependent variable (y, usually), after we have substituted the domain."
Thomas
Sorry, I don't know where the "Â"s came from. They shouldn't be there. Just ignore them. :-)
Thomas
Darius
Thanks.
Thomas
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Thomas
It is the Â that should not be there. It doesn't seem to show if encloses in quotation marks. "Â" or 'Â' ... Â
Thomas
Now it shows, go figure?
Thomas
what is this?
i do not understand anything
unknown
lol...it gets better
Darius
I've been struggling so much through all of this. my final is in four weeks 😭
Tiffany
this book is an excellent resource! have you guys ever looked at the online tutoring? there's one that is called "That Tutor Guy" and he goes over a lot of the concepts
Darius
thank you I have heard of him. I should check him out.
Tiffany
is there any question in particular?
Joe
I have always struggled with math. I get lost really easy, if you have any advice for that, it would help tremendously.
Tiffany
Sure, are you in high school or college?
Darius
Hi, apologies for the delayed response. I'm in college.
Tiffany
how to solve polynomial using a calculator
So a horizontal compression by factor of 1/2 is the same as a horizontal stretch by a factor of 2, right?
The center is at (3,4) a focus is at (3,-1), and the lenght of the major axis is 26
The center is at (3,4) a focus is at (3,-1) and the lenght of the major axis is 26 what will be the answer?
Rima
I done know
Joe
What kind of answer is that😑?
Rima
I had just woken up when i got this message
Joe
Rima
i have a question.
Abdul
how do you find the real and complex roots of a polynomial?
Abdul
@abdul with delta maybe which is b(square)-4ac=result then the 1st root -b-radical delta over 2a and the 2nd root -b+radical delta over 2a. I am not sure if this was your question but check it up
Nare
This is the actual question: Find all roots(real and complex) of the polynomial f(x)=6x^3 + x^2 - 4x + 1
Abdul
@Nare please let me know if you can solve it.
Abdul
I have a question
juweeriya
hello guys I'm new here? will you happy with me
mustapha
The average annual population increase of a pack of wolves is 25.
how do you find the period of a sine graph
Period =2π if there is a coefficient (b), just divide the coefficient by 2π to get the new period
Am
if not then how would I find it from a graph
Imani
by looking at the graph, find the distance between two consecutive maximum points (the highest points of the wave). so if the top of one wave is at point A (1,2) and the next top of the wave is at point B (6,2), then the period is 5, the difference of the x-coordinates.
Am
you could also do it with two consecutive minimum points or x-intercepts
Am
I will try that thank u
Imani
Case of Equilateral Hyperbola
ok
Zander
ok
Shella
f(x)=4x+2, find f(3)
Benetta
f(3)=4(3)+2 f(3)=14
lamoussa
14
Vedant
pre calc teacher: "Plug in Plug in...smell's good" f(x)=14
Devante
8x=40
Chris
Explain why log a x is not defined for a < 0
the sum of any two linear polynomial is what
Momo
how can are find the domain and range of a relations
the range is twice of the natural number which is the domain
Morolake
A cell phone company offers two plans for minutes. Plan A: $15 per month and$2 for every 300 texts. Plan B: $25 per month and$0.50 for every 100 texts. How many texts would you need to send per month for plan B to save you money?
6000
Robert
more than 6000
Robert
For Plan A to reach $27/month to surpass Plan B's$26.50 monthly payment, you'll need 3,000 texts which will cost an additional \$10.00. So, for the amount of texts you need to send would need to range between 1-100 texts for the 100th increment, times that by 3 for the additional amount of texts...
Gilbert
...for one text payment for 300 for Plan A. So, that means Plan A; in my opinion is for people with text messaging abilities that their fingers burn the monitor for the cell phone. While Plan B would be for loners that doesn't need their fingers to due the talking; but those texts mean more then...
Gilbert