Physical methods in chemistry and nano science

OpenStax

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0.1 Course introduction

Elemental analysis

Introduction to elemental analysis

2 Introduction to combustion analysis

2.1 Applications of combustion analysis

2.2 History of combustion

2.3 Categories of combustion

2.4 Basic flame types

2.5 Stoichiometric combustion and calculations

2.6 Instrumentation

2.7 Calculations and determining chemical formulas

2.8 Hydrocarbons

2.9 Compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

2.10 Binary compounds

2.11 Bibliography

3 Introduction to atomic absorption spectroscopy

3.1 Brief overview of atomic absorption spectroscopy

3.2 History of atomic absorption spectroscopy

3.3 Theory of atomic absorption spectroscopy

3.4 Applications of atomic absorption spectroscopy

3.5 Biological analysis

3.6 Environmental and marine analysis

3.7 Geological analysis

3.8 Instrumentation

3.10 Flame atomizer

3.11 Electrothermal atomizer

3.12 Radiation source

3.13 Spectrometer

3.14 Obtaining measurements

3.15 Sample preparation

3.16 Calibration curve

3.17 Standard calibration technique

3.18 Bracketing technique

3.19 Analyte addition technique

3.20 Measurement interference

3.21 Bibliography

4 Icp-aes analysis of nanoparticles

4.1 What is icp-aes?

4.2 How does icp-aes work?

4.3 Icp-aes of nanoparticles to determine elemental composition

4.4 Calculations for icp concentrations

4.5 Icp-aes at work

4.6 Determining analyte concentration

4.7 Calculating concentration in ppm

4.8 Determining concentration of original solution

4.9 Calculating stoichiometric ratio

4.10 Determining concentration of nanoparticles in solution

4.11 Combined surface area

4.12 Bibliography

5 Icp-ms for trace metal analysis

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Basic instrumentation and operation

5.3 Sample preparation

5.5 Limitations of icp-ms

5.6 Applications: analysis of mineral and water samples

5.7 Trace elemental analysis of minerals

5.8 Trace elemental analysis of water

5.9 Determination of arsenic content

5.10 Bibliography

6 Ion selective electrode analysis

7 A practical introduction to x-ray absorption spectroscopy

7.1 Introduction

7.2 X-rays and synchrotron radiation

7.3 X-ray absorption

7.4 X-ray absorption fine structure

7.5 Experiment design

7.6 Beamline setup

7.7 Monochromator

7.8 Harmonic rejection mirrors

7.10 Transmission and fluorescence modes

7.11 Sample preparation for xas

7.12 Sample requirements

7.13 Uniformity

7.14 Thickness.

7.15 Total x-ray adsorption.

7.16 Sample preparation

7.19 Bibliography

8 Neutron activation analysis (naa)

8.1 Introduction

8.3 Sample preparation

8.5 How it works

8.6 Neutron sources

8.7 Gamma and particle detectors

8.8 Variations/parameters

8.9 Inaa versus rnaa

8.10 Enaa versus fnaa

8.11 Pgnaa versus dgnaa

8.13 Characterizing archaeological materials

8.14 Determining elemental concentrations in blood

8.15 Limitations

8.16 Bibliography

9 Total carbon analysis

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Measurement of total organic carbon (toc)

9.3 Sample and sample preparation

9.4 Dissolution of total inorganic carbon

9.5 Shortcomings in the dissolution of inorganic carbon

9.6 Quantitative measurement of toc

9.7 Wet methods

9.8 Sample preparation

9.9 Quantification of toc

9.10 Disadvantages of wet technique

9.11 Toc measurement of water

9.12 Dry methods

9.13 Sample pre-treatment

9.14 Sample quantification

9.15 Measurement of total carbon (tc)

9.16 Measurement of total inorganic carbon (tic)

9.18 Bibliography

10 An introduction to energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Physical underpinnings

10.3 Instrumentation and sample preparation

10.4 Instrument variations

10.5 Sample preparation

10.6 Data interpretation

10.7 Limitations

10.8 Bibliography

11 Auger electron spectroscopy

12 Rutherford backscattering of thin films

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Basic concept of rutherford backscattering spectroscopy

12.3 Experimental set-up

12.4 Depth profile analysis

12.5 Quantitative analysis

12.6 Limitations

12.8 Bibliography

13 An accuracy assessment of the refinement of crystallographic positional

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Methods for x-ray diffraction determination of positional disorder in

13.7 A model system

13.8 Comparison of the methods

13.13 Correlation between analyzed composition and refined composition

13.14 Bibliography

14 Principles of gamma-ray spectroscopy and applications in nuclear forensics

Physical and thermal analysis

Melting point analysis

0.1 Introduction

0.3 Sample preparation

0.4 Recording data

0.5 Interpreting data

0.6 Specificity and accuracy

0.7 Advantages of melting point analysis

0.8 Limitations of melting point analysis

0.9 Bibliography

1 Bet surface area analysis of nanoparticles

2 Dynamic light scattering

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Dynamic viscosity

3.3 Kinematic viscosity

3.4 Units of viscosity

3.5 Dynamic viscosity

3.6 Kinematic viscosity

3.7 Newtonian versus non-newtonian fluids

3.8 Measuring viscosity

3.9 Capillary viscometers

3.10 Orifice viscometers

3.11 High temperature, high shear rate viscometers

3.12 Rotational viscometers

3.13 Falling ball viscometer

3.14 Vibrational viscometers

3.15 Ultrasonic viscometers

3.16 Bibliography

4 Differential scanning calorimetry (dsc)

5 Electrical permittivity characterization of aqueous solutions across

6 Dynamic mechanical analysis

6.1 Introduction

6.2 A brief history

6.3 Basic principles of dma

6.4 Creep-recovery

6.5 Dynamic testing

6.6 Types of dynamic experiments

6.7 Instrumentation

6.8 Dma of the glass transition of polymers

6.9 Advantages and limitations of dma

6.10 Bibliography

7 Finding a representative lithology

Principles of gas chromatography

0.1 Introduction

0.2 The chromatographic process

0.3 A typical chromatogram

0.4 Instrument overview

0.5 Components of a gas chromatograph system

0.6 Carrier gas

0.10 Sample preparation techniques

0.11 Derivatization

0.12 Advantages and disadvantages

0.13 Advantages of gc

0.14 Disadvantages of gc

0.15 Gas chromatography versus high performance liquid chromatography (hplc

0.16 Bibliography

1 High performance liquid chromatography

2 Basic principles of supercritical fluid chromatography and supercrtical

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Definition and formation of supercritical fluids

2.3 Physical properties of supercritical fluids

2.5 Diffusivity

2.7 Supercritical fluid chromatography (sfc)

2.8 Instrumentation for sfc

2.9 Stationary phases

2.10 Mobile phases

2.12 Advantages of working with sfc

2.13 Applications of sfc

2.14 Supercritical fluid extraction (sfe)

2.15 Instrumentation for sfe

2.16 Extraction modes

2.17 Applications of sfe

2.19 Bibliography

3 Supercritical fluid chromatography

3.1 Introduction

3.3 Supercritical fluids

3.4 What is a supercritical fluid?

3.5 Unique properties of supercritical fluids

3.6 Applying the properties of supercritical fluids to chromatography

3.7 Supercritical properties of co 2

3.8 The instrument

3.13 Restrictor

3.16 Stationary phase

3.17 Mobile phase

3.19 Advantages of supercritical fluid chromatography

3.20 Advantages over hplc

3.21 Advantages over gc

3.22 General disadvantages

3.23 Applications

3.24 Chiral compounds

3.25 Organometallics

3.26 Conclusion

3.27 Bibliography

4 Ion chromatography

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Principles of ion chromatography

4.3 Retention models in anion chromatography

4.4 Retention models of cation chromatography

4.5 Solid phase packing materials

4.6 Packing material for anion chromatography

4.7 Packing material for cation chromatography

4.8 Detection methods

4.9 Spectroscopic detection methods

4.10 Direct conductivity methods

4.12 Eluents in anion chromatography

4.13 Eluents in cation chromatography

4.14 Bibliography

Chemical speciation

Esi-qtof-ms coupled to hplc and its application for food safety

Reactions kinetics and pathways

Dynamic headspace gas chromatography analysis

1 Gas chromatography analysis of the hydrodechlorination reaction of

2 Temperature-programmed desorption mass spectroscopy applied in surface

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Experimental system

2.3 Ultra-high vacuum (uhv) chamber

2.4 Pumping system

2.5 Manipulator and bulk metal crystal

2.6 Pretreatment

2.7 Temperature-programmed desorption processes

2.8 Theory of the tpd experiment

2.9 Langmuir isotherm

2.10 Derivation of kinetic parameters based on tpd results

2.11 First-order process

2.12 Second-order process

2.13 Zero-order process

2.14 A typical example

2.15 Conclusion

2.16 Bibliography

Dynamic processes

Nmr of dynamic systems: an overview

1 Determination of energetics of fluxional molecules by nmr

2 Rolling molecules on surfaces under stm imaging

2.1 Introduction to surface motions at the molecular level

2.2 Surface rolling of molecules under the manipulation of stm tips

2.3 Single molecule nanocar under stm imaging

2.4 Bibliography

Molecular and solid state structure

Crystal structure

0.1 Introduction

0.2 Crystallography

0.3 Bravais lattice

0.4 Atom positions, crystal directions and miller indices

0.5 Atom positions and crystal axes

0.6 Crystal directions

0.7 Crystal planes

0.8 Description of crystal structures

0.9 Close packed structures: hexagonal close packing and cubic close packing

0.10 Hexagonal close packed

0.11 Cubic close packed: face-centered cubic

0.12 Coordination number

0.13 Octahedral and tetrahedral vacancies

0.14 Important structure types

0.15 Diamond cubic

0.16 Zinc blende

0.17 Chalcopyrite

0.21 Cesium chloride

0.23 Defects in crystalline solids

0.24 Point defects: “too many or too few” or “just plain wrong”

0.25 Interstitial impurity

0.27 Substitution

0.28 Antisite defects

0.29 Extended defects: dislocations in a crystal lattice

0.31 Bibliography

1 Structures of element and compound semiconductors

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Group iv (14) elements

1.3 Group iii-v (13-15) compounds

1.4 Group ii-vi (12-16) compounds

1.5 I-iii-vi 2 (11-13-16) compounds

1.6 Orientation effects

1.7 Atom density and dangling bonds

1.9 Gallium arsenide

1.10 Bibliography

2 Low energy electron diffraction

2.1 Introduction

2.2 History: Davisson and Germer experiment

2.3 Principles and diffraction patterns

2.4 LEED experimental equipment

2.5 LEED applications

2.6 Study of adsorbates on the surface and disorder layers

2.7 Structure determination

2.8 Bibliography

3 Neutron diffraction

3.1 Introduction

3.3 Neutron diffraction

3.4 Neutron inventors

3.5 Neutron sources

3.6 Neutron detectors

3.7 Neutron scattering

3.8 Coherent and incoherent scattering

3.9 Magnetic scattering

3.10 Sample preparation and environment

3.12 Bibliography

4 Circular dichroism spectroscopy and its application for determination

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Optical activity

4.3 Circular dichroism

4.4 Principle of operation

4.6 Magnetic circular dichroism

4.7 Linear dichroism

4.8 Advantages and limitations of cd

4.9 What kind of data is obtained from cd?

4.10 Cd instrument

4.11 Protocol for collecting a cd spectrum

4.12 Sample preparation and starting the instrument

4.13 Collecting spectra for blank, water, buffer background, and sample

4.14 Data handling and analysis

4.15 Conclusion

4.16 Bibliography

5 Protein analysis using electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy

5.1 Introduction

5.2 How does esi-ms function?

5.3 What data is provided by esi-ms?

5.4 Interpretation of a typical ms spectrum

5.5 Calculation of m/z of the ms spectrum peaks

5.6 Sample preparation

5.8 Problems with esi-ms

5.9 Bibliography

6 The analysis of liquid crystal phases using polarized optical microscopy

Structure at the nano scale

Microparticle characterization via confocal microscopy

0.1 A brief history of confocal microscopy

0.2 The basics of fluorescence

0.3 How confocal microscopy is different from optical microscopy

0.4 Parts of a confocal microscope

0.5 Two-photon microscopy

0.6 Microparticle characterization

0.7 A summary of confocal microscopy’s strengths and weaknesses

0.8 Bibliography

1 Measuring the specific surface area of nanoparticle suspensions using

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Overview of nmr

1.3 Advantages of nmr over bet technique

1.4 How does nmr work?

1.5 Polarization

1.6 T 1 Relaxation

1.7 T 2 Relaxation

1.8 Cpmg sequence

1.9 Nmr relaxation mechanism in solid suspensions

1.10 Calculations

1.11 Sample preparation and experimental setup

1.12 Nmr analysis

1.13 Limitations of the t 2 Technique

1.14 Example of usage

1.15 Bibliography

2 Characterization of graphene by raman spectroscopy

3 Characterization of covalently functionalized single-walled carbon

4 Characterization of bionanoparticles by electrospray-differential mobility

Surface morphology and structure

Sem and its applications for polymer science

0.1 Introduction

0.2 Microscopy physics

0.3 Image formation

0.4 Electron microscopes

0.7 Electron scattering

0.8 Elastic scatter

0.9 Inelastic scatter

0.10 Secondary effects

0.11 Sem construction

0.12 Electron detectors (image formation)

0.13 Sample preparation

0.14 Sem of polymers

0.15 Polymer sample preparation techniques

0.16 Sputter coating

0.17 Spin coating

0.20 Comb-block copolymer (microstructure of cast film)

0.21 Polystyrene-polylactide bottlebrush copolymers (lamellar spacing)

0.22 Swnts in ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene

0.23 Nanostructures in conjugated polymers (nanoporous films)

0.24 Cryo-sem colloid polystyrene latex particles (fracture patterns)

0.25 Bibliography

1 Catalyst characterization using thermal conductivity detector

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Principles of thermal conductivity

1.3 Thermal conductivity detector

1.4 Temperature programmed reduction (tpr)

1.5 Pulse chemisorption

1.6 Data collection for hydrogen pulse chemisorption

1.7 Pulse chemisorption data analysis

1.8 Gram molecular weight

1.9 Metal dispersion

1.10 Metallic surface area per gram of metal

1.11 Active particle size

1.12 References

2 Nanoparticle deposition studies using a quartz crystal microbalance

2.2 Experimental planning

2.3 Surface election

2.4 Sensor cleaning

2.5 Sample preparation

2.6 Instrument preparation

2.7 Data acquisition

2.8 Instrument clean-up

2.9 Data modeling

2.10 Bibliography

Device performance

A simple test apparatus to verify the photoresponse of experimental

1 Measuring key transport properties of fet devices

1.1 Field effect transistors

1.2 Jfet fundamentals

1.3 Mosfet fundamentals

1.4 Measurement of key fet parameters

1.5 Pinch off voltage, v P

1.6 Threshold voltage, v T

1.7 Channel resistance, r DS

1.8 Power dissipation, p D

1.9 Effective charge carrier mobility, µ n

1.10 Transconductance gain, g m (transfer admittance)

1.11 Equipment needs

1.12 Measurement of (v-i) characteristics

1.14 Measurement analysis

1.15 Typical v-i characteristics of jfets

1.16 Ohmic region (linear region)

1.17 Saturation region

1.18 Breakdown region

1.19 Pinch-off region (cutoff region)

1.20 Typical v-i characteristics of mosfets

1.21 Ohmic region (linear region)

1.22 Saturation region

1.23 Pinch-off region (cutoff region)

1.24 Fet v-i summary

1.25 Bibliography

Source: OpenStax, Physical methods in chemistry and nano science. OpenStax CNX. May 05, 2015 Download for free at http://legacy.cnx.org/content/col10699/1.21

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