# 6.1 Blackbody radiation  (Page 6/15)

 Page 6 / 15

Check Your Understanding A molecule is vibrating at a frequency of $5.0\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{14}\text{Hz}.$ What is the smallest spacing between its vibrational energy levels?

$3.3\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-19}\text{J}$

## Quantum theory applied to a classical oscillator

A 1.0-kg mass oscillates at the end of a spring with a spring constant of 1000 N/m. The amplitude of these oscillations is 0.10 m. Use the concept of quantization to find the energy spacing for this classical oscillator. Is the energy quantization significant for macroscopic systems, such as this oscillator?

## Strategy

We use [link] as though the system were a quantum oscillator, but with the frequency f of the mass vibrating on a spring. To evaluate whether or not quantization has a significant effect, we compare the quantum energy spacing with the macroscopic total energy of this classical oscillator.

## Solution

For the spring constant, $k=1.0\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{3}\text{N/m},$ the frequency f of the mass, $m=1.0\text{kg},$ is

$f=\frac{1}{2\pi }\sqrt{\frac{k}{m}}=\frac{1}{2\pi }\sqrt{\frac{1.0\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{3}\text{N/m}}{1.0\text{kg}}}\simeq 5.0\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Hz}$

The energy quantum that corresponds to this frequency is

$\text{Δ}E=hf=\left(6.626\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-34}\text{J}·\text{s}\right)\left(5.0\text{Hz}\right)=3.3\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-33}\text{J}$

When vibrations have amplitude $A=0.10\text{m},$ the energy of oscillations is

$E=\frac{1}{2}k{A}^{2}=\frac{1}{2}\left(1000\text{N/m}\right){\left(0.1\text{m}\right)}^{2}=5.0\text{J}$

## Significance

Thus, for a classical oscillator, we have $\text{Δ}E\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{/}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}E\approx {10}^{-34}.$ We see that the separation of the energy levels is immeasurably small. Therefore, for all practical purposes, the energy of a classical oscillator takes on continuous values. This is why classical principles may be applied to macroscopic systems encountered in everyday life without loss of accuracy.

Check Your Understanding Would the result in [link] be different if the mass were not 1.0 kg but a tiny mass of 1.0 µ g, and the amplitude of vibrations were 0.10 µ m?

No, because then $\text{Δ}E\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{/}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}E\approx {10}^{-21}$

When Planck first published his result, the hypothesis of energy quanta was not taken seriously by the physics community because it did not follow from any established physics theory at that time. It was perceived, even by Planck himself, as a useful mathematical trick that led to a good theoretical “fit” to the experimental curve. This perception was changed in 1905 when Einstein published his explanation of the photoelectric effect, in which he gave Planck’s energy quantum a new meaning: that of a particle of light.

## Summary

• All bodies radiate energy. The amount of radiation a body emits depends on its temperature. The experimental Wien’s displacement law states that the hotter the body, the shorter the wavelength corresponding to the emission peak in the radiation curve. The experimental Stefan’s law states that the total power of radiation emitted across the entire spectrum of wavelengths at a given temperature is proportional to the fourth power of the Kelvin temperature of the radiating body.
• Absorption and emission of radiation are studied within the model of a blackbody. In the classical approach, the exchange of energy between radiation and cavity walls is continuous. The classical approach does not explain the blackbody radiation curve.
• To explain the blackbody radiation curve, Planck assumed that the exchange of energy between radiation and cavity walls takes place only in discrete quanta of energy. Planck’s hypothesis of energy quanta led to the theoretical Planck’s radiation law, which agrees with the experimental blackbody radiation curve; it also explains Wien’s and Stefan’s laws.

## Conceptual questions

Which surface has a higher temperature – the surface of a yellow star or that of a red star?

yellow

Describe what you would see when looking at a body whose temperature is increased from 1000 K to 1,000,000 K.

Explain the color changes in a hot body as its temperature is increased.

goes from red to violet through the rainbow of colors

Speculate as to why UV light causes sunburn, whereas visible light does not.

Two cavity radiators are constructed with walls made of different metals. At the same temperature, how would their radiation spectra differ?

would not differ

Discuss why some bodies appear black, other bodies appear red, and still other bodies appear white.

If everything radiates electromagnetic energy, why can we not see objects at room temperature in a dark room?

human eye does not see IR radiation

How much does the power radiated by a blackbody increase when its temperature (in K) is tripled?

## Problems

A 200-W heater emits a 1.5-µm radiation. (a) What value of the energy quantum does it emit? (b) Assuming that the specific heat of a 4.0-kg body is $0.83\text{kcal}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{/}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{kg}·\text{K},$ how many of these photons must be absorbed by the body to increase its temperature by 2 K? (c) How long does the heating process in (b) take, assuming that all radiation emitted by the heater gets absorbed by the body?

a. 0.81 eV; b. $2.1\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{23};$ c. 2 min 20 sec

A 900-W microwave generator in an oven generates energy quanta of frequency 2560 MHz. (a) How many energy quanta does it emit per second? (b) How many energy quanta must be absorbed by a pasta dish placed in the radiation cavity to increase its temperature by 45.0 K? Assume that the dish has a mass of 0.5 kg and that its specific heat is $0.9\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{kcal}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{/}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{kg}·\text{K}.$ (c) Assume that all energy quanta emitted by the generator are absorbed by the pasta dish. How long must we wait until the dish in (b) is ready?

(a) For what temperature is the peak of blackbody radiation spectrum at 400 nm? (b) If the temperature of a blackbody is 800 K, at what wavelength does it radiate the most energy?

a. 7245 K; b. 3.62 μm

The tungsten elements of incandescent light bulbs operate at 3200 K. At what frequency does the filament radiate maximum energy?

Interstellar space is filled with radiation of wavelength $970\text{μ}\text{m.}$ This radiation is considered to be a remnant of the “big bang.” What is the corresponding blackbody temperature of this radiation?

The radiant energy from the sun reaches its maximum at a wavelength of about 500.0 nm. What is the approximate temperature of the sun’s surface?

what is cathodic protection
its just a technique used for the protection of a metal from corrosion by making it cathode of an electrochemical cell.
akif
what is interferometer
Show that n1Sino1=n2Sino2
what's propagation
is it in context of waves?
Edgar
It is the manner of motion of the energy whether mechanical(requiring elastic medium)or electromagnetic(non interference with medium)
Edgar
determine displacement cat any time t for a body of mass 2kg under a time varrying force ft=bt³+csinkt
A round diaphragm S with diameter of d = 0.05 is used as light source in Michelson interferometer shown on the picture. The diaphragm is illuminated by parallel beam of monochromatic light with wavelength of λ = 0.6 μm. The distances are A B = 30, A C = 10 . The interference picture is in the form of concentric circles and is observed on the screen placed in the focal plane of the lens. Estimate the number of interference rings m observed near the main diffractive maximum.
A Pb wire wound in a tight solenoid of diameter of 4.0 mm is cooled to a temperature of 5.0 K. The wire is connected in series with a 50-Ωresistor and a variable source of emf. As the emf is increased, what value does it have when the superconductivity of the wire is destroyed?
how does colour appear in thin films
hii
Sonu
hao
Naorem
hello
Naorem
hiiiiii
ram
🎓📖
Deepika
yaaa ☺
Deepika
ok
Naorem
hii
PALAK
in the wave equation y=Asin(kx-wt+¢) what does k and w stand for.
derivation of lateral shieft
hi
Imran
total binding energy of ionic crystal at equilibrium is
How does, ray of light coming form focus, behaves in concave mirror after refraction?
Sushant
What is motion
Anything which changes itself with respect to time or surrounding
Sushant
good
Chemist
and what's time? is time everywhere same
Chemist
No
Sushant
how can u say that
Chemist
do u know about black hole
Chemist
Not so more
Sushant
DHEERAJ
Sushant
But ask anything changes itself with respect to time or surrounding A Not any harmful radiation
DHEERAJ
explain cavendish experiment to determine the value of gravitational concept.
Cavendish Experiment to Measure Gravitational Constant. ... This experiment used a torsion balance device to attract lead balls together, measuring the torque on a wire and equating it to the gravitational force between the balls. Then by a complex derivation, the value of G was determined.
Triio
For the question about the scuba instructor's head above the pool, how did you arrive at this answer? What is the process?