# 9.7 Semiconductor devices  (Page 3/12)

 Page 3 / 12

Create a p - n junction and observe the behavior of a simple circuit for forward and reverse bias voltages. Visit this site to learn more about semiconductor diodes.

## Junction transistor

If diodes are one-way valves, transistors are one-way valves that can be carefully opened and closed to control current. A special kind of transistor is a junction transistor. A junction transistor    has three parts, including an n -type semiconductor, also called the emitter; a thin p -type semiconductor, which is the base; and another n -type semiconductor, called the collector ( [link] ). When a positive terminal is connected to the p -type layer (the base), a small current of electrons, called the base current     ${I}_{B},$ flows to the terminal. This causes a large collector current     ${I}_{c}$ to flow through the collector. The base current can be adjusted to control the large collector current. The current gain is therefore

${I}_{c}=\beta {I}_{B}.$

A junction transistor can be used to amplify the voltage from a microphone to drive a loudspeaker. In this application, sound waves cause a diaphragm inside the microphone to move in and out rapidly ( [link] ). When the diaphragm is in the “in” position, a tiny positive voltage is applied to the base of the transistor. This opens the transistor “valve” and allows a large electrical current flow to the loudspeaker. When the diaphragm is in the “out” position, a tiny negative voltage is applied to the base of the transistor, which shuts off the transistor valve so that no current flows to the loudspeaker. This shuts the transistor “valve” off so no current flows to the loudspeaker. In this way, current to the speaker is controlled by the sound waves, and the sound is amplified. Any electric device that amplifies a signal is called an amplifier    .

In modern electronic devices, digital signals are used with diodes and transistors to perform tasks such as data manipulation. Electric circuits carry two types of electrical signals: analog and digital ( [link] ). An analog signal varies continuously, whereas a digital signal switches between two fixed voltage values, such as plus 1 volt and zero volts. In digital circuits like those found in computers, a transistor behaves like an on-off switch. The transistor is either on, meaning the valve is completely open, or it is off, meaning the valve is completely closed. Integrated circuits contain vast collections of transistors on a single piece of silicon. They are designed to handle digital signals that represent ones and zeroes, which is also known as binary code. The invention of the ic helped to launch the modern computer revolution.

## Summary

• A diode is produced by an n-p junction. A diode allows current to move in just one direction. In forward biased configuration of a diode, the current increases exponentially with the voltage.
• A transistor is produced by an n-p-n junction. A transistor is an electric valve that controls the current in a circuit.
• A transistor is a critical component in audio amplifiers, computers, and many other devices.

## Conceptual questions

When p - and n -type materials are joined, why is a uniform electric field generated near the junction?

When p - and n -type materials are joined, why does the depletion layer not grow indefinitely?

The electric field produced by the uncovered ions reduces further diffusion. In equilibrium, the diffusion and drift currents cancel so the net current is zero. Therefore, the resistance of the depletion region is large.

How do you know if a diode is in the forward biased configuration?

Why does the reverse bias configuration lead to a very small current?

The positive terminal is applied to the n -side, which uncovers more ions near the junction (widens the depletion layer), increases the junction voltage difference, and therefore reduces the diffusion of holes across the junction.

What happens in the extreme case that where the n - and p -type materials are heavily doped?

Explain how an audio amplifier works, using the transistor concept.

Sound moves a diaphragm in and out, which varies the input or base current of the transistor circuit. The transistor amplifies this signal ( p-n-p semiconductor). The output or collector current drives a speaker.

## Problems

Show that for V less than zero, ${I}_{\text{net}}\approx \text{−}{I}_{0}.$

A p-n diode has a reverse saturation current $1.44\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-8}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{A}$ . It is forward biased so that it has a current of $6.78\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-1}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{A}$ moving through it. What bias voltage is being applied if the temperature is 300 K?

${V}_{b}=0.458\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{V}$

The collector current of a transistor is 3.4 A for a base current of 4.2 mA. What is the current gain?

Applying the positive end of a battery to the p -side and the negative end to the n -side of a p-n junction, the measured current is $8.76\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-1}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{A}$ . Reversing this polarity give a reverse saturation current of $4.41\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-8}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{A}$ . What is the temperature if the bias voltage is 1.2 V?

$T=829\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{K}$

The base current of a transistor is 4.4 A, and its current gain 1126. What is the collector current?

what is the difference between a molecule and atom
Atoms are single neutral particles. Molecules are neutral particles made of two or more atoms bonded together.
Manfred
what I'd dynamic propulsion
A body quadruples its momentum when its speed doubles.What was the initial speed in units of c.i.e..what was u/c ?
what is enthalpy?
a thermodynamic quantity equivalent to the total heat content of a system
RAMLA
proparty of tharmo dainamic
bloch
What is the meaning of Nuclear Fission?
what do you mean by dynamics single particles
عند قذف جسم إلى أعلى بسرعة إبتدائية فإنه سيصل إلى ارتفاع معين (أقصى ارتفاع) ثم يعود هابطاً نحو سطح الأرض .   إذا قُذِفَ جسم إلى أعلى ووجد أن سرعته 18 م / ث عندما قطع 1/4 المسافة التي تمثل أقصى ارتفاع سيصله فالمطلوب إيجاد السرعة التي قُذِف بها بالمتر / ث . إن هذه السرعة هي واحدة من الإجابات التالية
what is light
light is a kind of radiation That stimulates sight brightness a source of illumination.
kenneth
Electromagnet radiation creates space 7th, 8th, and 9th dimensions at the rate of c.
John
That is the reason that the speed of light is constant.
John
This creation of new space is "Dark Energy".
John
The first two sets of three dimensions, 1 through 6, are "Dark Matter".
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As matter decays into luminous matter, a proton, a neutron, and an electron creat deuterium.
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There are three sets of three protons, 9.
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There are three sets of three neutrons, 9.
John
A free neutron decays into a proton, an electron, and a neutrino.
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There are three sets of five neutrinoes, 15.
John
Neutrinoes are two dimensional.
John
A positron is composed of the first three dimensions.
John
An electron is composed of the second three dimensions.
John
What is photoelectric
light energy (photons) through semiconduction of N-P junction into electrical via excitation of silicon purified and cristalized into wafers with partially contaminated silicon to allow this N-P function to operate.
Michael
i.e. Solar pannel.
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Photoelectric emission is the emission of electrons on a metal surface due to incident rays reflected on it
Benita
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Jallal
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Jallal
I hope I'm clear if I'm not please tell me to clarify further or rephrase
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hi
Tr
Hello
Youte
Hi
Nwangwu-ike
hi
Siddiquee
hi
Omar
helo
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1.79×10_¹⁹ km per hour
Swagatika
3×10^8
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কাজের একক কী
Jasim
কাজের একক কী
Jasim
Energy is ability so capacity to do work.
kenneth
friction ka direction Kaise pata karte hai
friction is always in the opposite of the direction of moving object
Punia