# 5.5 The lorentz transformation  (Page 8/12)

 Page 8 / 12

## Summary

• The Galilean transformation equations describe how, in classical nonrelativistic mechanics, the position, velocity, and accelerations measured in one frame appear in another. Lengths remain unchanged and a single universal time scale is assumed to apply to all inertial frames.
• Newton’s laws of mechanics obey the principle of having the same form in all inertial frames under a Galilean transformation, given by
$x=x\prime +vt,\phantom{\rule{0.5em}{0ex}}y=y\prime ,\phantom{\rule{0.5em}{0ex}}z=z\prime ,\phantom{\rule{0.5em}{0ex}}t=t\prime .$

The concept that times and distances are the same in all inertial frames in the Galilean transformation, however, is inconsistent with the postulates of special relativity.
• The relativistically correct Lorentz transformation equations are
$\begin{array}{ccc}\text{Lorentz transformation}\hfill & & \text{Inverse Lorentz transformation}\hfill \\ t=\frac{t\prime +vx\prime \text{/}{c}^{2}}{\sqrt{1-{v}^{2}\text{/}{c}^{2}}}\hfill & & t\prime =\frac{t-vx\text{/}{c}^{2}}{\sqrt{1-{v}^{2}\text{/}{c}^{2}}}\hfill \\ x=\frac{x\prime +vt\prime }{\sqrt{1-{v}^{2}\text{/}{c}^{2}}}\hfill & & x\prime =\frac{x-vt}{\sqrt{1-{v}^{2}\text{/}{c}^{2}}}\hfill \\ y=y\prime \hfill & & y\prime =y\hfill \\ z=z\prime \hfill & & z\prime =z\hfill \end{array}$

We can obtain these equations by requiring an expanding spherical light signal to have the same shape and speed of growth, c , in both reference frames.
• Relativistic phenomena can be explained in terms of the geometrical properties of four-dimensional space-time, in which Lorentz transformations correspond to rotations of axes.
• The Lorentz transformation corresponds to a space-time axis rotation, similar in some ways to a rotation of space axes, but in which the invariant spatial separation is given by $\text{Δ}s$ rather than distances $\text{Δ}r,$ and that the Lorentz transformation involving the time axis does not preserve perpendicularity of axes or the scales along the axes.
• The analysis of relativistic phenomena in terms of space-time diagrams supports the conclusion that these phenomena result from properties of space and time itself, rather than from the laws of electromagnetism.

## Problems

Describe the following physical occurrences as events, that is, in the form ( x , y , z , t ): (a) A postman rings a doorbell of a house precisely at noon. (b) At the same time as the doorbell is rung, a slice of bread pops out of a toaster that is located 10 m from the door in the east direction from the door. (c) Ten seconds later, an airplane arrives at the airport, which is 10 km from the door in the east direction and 2 km to the south.

Describe what happens to the angle $\alpha =\text{tan}\left(v\text{/}c\right),$ and therefore to the transformed axes in [link] , as the relative velocity v of the S and $\text{S}\prime$ frames of reference approaches c .

The angle α approaches $45\text{°},$ and the $t\prime \text{-}$ and $x\prime \text{-axes}$ rotate toward the edge of the light cone.

Describe the shape of the world line on a space-time diagram of (a) an object that remains at rest at a specific position along the x- axis; (b) an object that moves at constant velocity u in the x- direction; (c) an object that begins at rest and accelerates at a constant rate of in the positive x- direction.

A man standing still at a train station watches two boys throwing a baseball in a moving train. Suppose the train is moving east with a constant speed of 20 m/s and one of the boys throws the ball with a speed of 5 m/s with respect to himself toward the other boy, who is 5 m west from him. What is the velocity of the ball as observed by the man on the station?

15 m/s east

When observed from the sun at a particular instant, Earth and Mars appear to move in opposite directions with speeds 108,000 km/h and 86,871 km/h, respectively. What is the speed of Mars at this instant when observed from Earth?

A man is running on a straight road perpendicular to a train track and away from the track at a speed of 12 m/s. The train is moving with a speed of 30 m/s with respect to the track. What is the speed of the man with respect to a passenger sitting at rest in the train?

32 m/s

A man is running on a straight road that makes $30\text{°}$ with the train track. The man is running in the direction on the road that is away from the track at a speed of 12 m/s. The train is moving with a speed of 30 m/s with respect to the track. What is the speed of the man with respect to a passenger sitting at rest in the train?

In a frame at rest with respect to the billiard table, a billiard ball of mass m moving with speed v strikes another billiard ball of mass m at rest. The first ball comes to rest after the collision while the second ball takes off with speed v in the original direction of the motion of the first ball. This shows that momentum is conserved in this frame. (a) Now, describe the same collision from the perspective of a frame that is moving with speed v in the direction of the motion of the first ball. (b) Is the momentum conserved in this frame?

a. The second ball approaches with velocity − v and comes to rest while the other ball continues with velocity − v ; b. This conserves momentum.

In a frame at rest with respect to the billiard table, two billiard balls of same mass m are moving toward each other with the same speed v . After the collision, the two balls come to rest. (a) Show that momentum is conserved in this frame. (b) Now, describe the same collision from the perspective of a frame that is moving with speed v in the direction of the motion of the first ball. (c) Is the momentum conserved in this frame?

In a frame S, two events are observed: event 1: a pion is created at rest at the origin and event 2: the pion disintegrates after time $\tau$ . Another observer in a frame $\text{S}\prime$ is moving in the positive direction along the positive x -axis with a constant speed v and observes the same two events in his frame. The origins of the two frames coincide at $t=t\prime =0.$ (a) Find the positions and timings of these two events in the frame $\text{S}\prime$ (a) according to the Galilean transformation, and (b) according to the Lorentz transformation.

a. $\begin{array}{c}{t}_{1}\prime =0;\phantom{\rule{0.5em}{0ex}}{x}_{1}\prime =0;\\ {t}_{2}\prime =\tau ;\phantom{\rule{0.5em}{0ex}}{x}_{2}\prime =0\end{array};$ b. $\begin{array}{c}{t}_{1}\prime =0;\phantom{\rule{0.5em}{0ex}}{x}_{1}\prime =0;\\ {t}_{2}\prime =\frac{\tau }{\sqrt{1-{v}^{2}\text{/}{c}^{2}}};\phantom{\rule{0.5em}{0ex}}{x}_{2}\prime =\frac{-v\tau }{\sqrt{1-{v}^{2}\text{/}{c}^{2}}}\end{array}$

#### Questions & Answers

what is an atom
All matter is composed of two sets of three dimensions. The first set (1,2,3) decay with a positive charge. The second set (4,5,6) decay with a negative charge. As they decay, they create space (7 8,9) dimensions.
John
Two sets of (1,2,3,4,5,6) dimensions create a proton, a neutron, and an electron. This is the primordial atom.
John
A 10kg mass lift to a height of 24m and release. what is the total energy of the system
mechanics is that branch of physical and mathatics that
E=Mgh=10*10*24=2400J
what is the difference between a molecule and atom
Atoms are single neutral particles. Molecules are neutral particles made of two or more atoms bonded together.
Manfred
what I'd dynamic propulsion
A body quadruples its momentum when its speed doubles.What was the initial speed in units of c.i.e..what was u/c ?
what is enthalpy?
a thermodynamic quantity equivalent to the total heat content of a system
RAMLA
proparty of tharmo dainamic
bloch
What is the meaning of Nuclear Fission?
what do you mean by dynamics single particles
عند قذف جسم إلى أعلى بسرعة إبتدائية فإنه سيصل إلى ارتفاع معين (أقصى ارتفاع) ثم يعود هابطاً نحو سطح الأرض .   إذا قُذِفَ جسم إلى أعلى ووجد أن سرعته 18 م / ث عندما قطع 1/4 المسافة التي تمثل أقصى ارتفاع سيصله فالمطلوب إيجاد السرعة التي قُذِف بها بالمتر / ث . إن هذه السرعة هي واحدة من الإجابات التالية
what is light
light is a kind of radiation That stimulates sight brightness a source of illumination.
kenneth
Electromagnet radiation creates space 7th, 8th, and 9th dimensions at the rate of c.
John
That is the reason that the speed of light is constant.
John
This creation of new space is "Dark Energy".
John
The first two sets of three dimensions, 1 through 6, are "Dark Matter".
John
As matter decays into luminous matter, a proton, a neutron, and an electron creat deuterium.
John
There are three sets of three protons, 9.
John
There are three sets of three neutrons, 9.
John
A free neutron decays into a proton, an electron, and a neutrino.
John
There are three sets of five neutrinoes, 15.
John
Neutrinoes are two dimensional.
John
A positron is composed of the first three dimensions.
John
An electron is composed of the second three dimensions.
John
What is photoelectric
light energy (photons) through semiconduction of N-P junction into electrical via excitation of silicon purified and cristalized into wafers with partially contaminated silicon to allow this N-P function to operate.
Michael
i.e. Solar pannel.
Michael
Photoelectric emission is the emission of electrons on a metal surface due to incident rays reflected on it
Benita
If you lie on a beach looking at the water with your head tipped slightly sideways, your polarized sunglasses do not work very well.Why not?
it has everything to do with the angle the UV sunlight strikes your sunglasses.
Jallal
this is known as optical physics. it describes how visible light, ultraviolet light and infrared light interact when they come into contact with physical matter. usually the photons or light upon interaction result in either reflection refraction diffraction or interference of the light.
Jallal
I hope I'm clear if I'm not please tell me to clarify further or rephrase
Jallal
what is bohrs model for hydrogen atom
hi
Tr
Hello
Youte
Hi
Nwangwu-ike
hi
Siddiquee
hi
Omar
helo
Mcjoi
what is the value of speed of light
1.79×10_¹⁹ km per hour
Swagatika
3×10^8
Benita
what r dwarf planet