# 5.5 The lorentz transformation  (Page 6/12)

 Page 6 / 12

For any event that has a space-like separation from the event at the origin, it is possible to choose a time axis that will make the two events occur at the same time, so that the two events are simultaneous in some frame of reference. Therefore, which of the events with space-like separation comes before the other in time also depends on the frame of reference of the observer. Since space-like separations can be traversed only by exceeding the speed of light; this violation of which event can cause the other provides another argument for why particles cannot travel faster than the speed of light, as well as potential material for science fiction about time travel. Similarly for any event with time-like separation from the event at the origin, a frame of reference can be found that will make the events occur at the same location. Because the relations

$\text{Δ}{s}_{AC}^{2}={\left({x}_{A}-{x}_{B}\right)}^{2}+{\left({x}_{A}-{x}_{B}\right)}^{2}+{\left({x}_{A}-{x}_{B}\right)}^{2}-{\left(c\text{Δ}t\right)}^{2}>0$

and

$\text{Δ}{s}_{AB}^{2}={\left({x}_{A}-{x}_{B}\right)}^{2}+{\left({x}_{A}-{x}_{B}\right)}^{2}+{\left({x}_{A}-{x}_{B}\right)}^{2}-{\left(c\text{Δ}t\right)}^{2}<0.$

are Lorentz invariant, whether two events are time-like and can be made to occur at the same place or space-like and can be made to occur at the same time is the same for all observers. All observers in different inertial frames of reference agree on whether two events have a time-like or space-like separation.

## The twin paradox seen in space-time

The twin paradox discussed earlier involves an astronaut twin traveling at near light speed to a distant star system, and returning to Earth. Because of time dilation, the space twin is predicted to age much less than the earthbound twin. This seems paradoxical because we might have expected at first glance for the relative motion to be symmetrical and naively thought it possible to also argue that the earthbound twin should age less.

To analyze this in terms of a space-time diagram, assume that the origin of the axes used is fixed in Earth. The world line of the earthbound twin is then along the time axis.

The world line of the astronaut twin, who travels to the distant star and then returns, must deviate from a straight line path in order to allow a return trip. As seen in [link] , the circumstances of the two twins are not at all symmetrical. Their paths in space-time are of manifestly different length. Specifically, the world line of the earthbound twin has length $2c\text{Δ}t,$ which then gives the proper time that elapses for the earthbound twin as $2\text{Δ}t.$ The distance to the distant star system is $\text{Δ}x=v\text{Δ}t.$ The proper time that elapses for the space twin is $2\text{Δ}\tau$ where

${c}^{2}\text{Δ}{\tau }^{2}=-\text{Δ}{s}^{2}={\left(c\text{Δ}t\right)}^{2}-{\left(\text{Δ}x\right)}^{2}.$

This is considerably shorter than the proper time for the earthbound twin by the ratio

$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \frac{c\text{Δ}\tau }{c\text{Δ}t}& =\sqrt{\frac{{\left(c\text{Δ}t\right)}^{2}-{\left(\text{Δ}x\right)}^{2}}{{\left(c\text{Δ}t\right)}^{2}}}=\sqrt{\frac{{\left(c\text{Δ}t\right)}^{2}-{\left(v\text{Δ}t\right)}^{2}}{{\left(c\text{Δ}t\right)}^{2}}}\hfill \\ & =\sqrt{1-\frac{{v}^{2}}{{c}^{2}}}=\frac{1}{\gamma }.\hfill \end{array}$

consistent with the time dilation formula. The twin paradox is therefore seen to be no paradox at all. The situation of the two twins is not symmetrical in the space-time diagram. The only surprise is perhaps that the seemingly longer path on the space-time diagram corresponds to the smaller proper time interval, because of how $\text{Δ}\tau$ and $\text{Δ}s$ depend on $\text{Δ}x$ and $\text{Δ}t.$

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ALFRED
how are you?
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asif
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I'm fine
ALFRED
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good
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No
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Prema
i.e. 10to the power -2 in the first line and 10 to the power -3 in the the second line.
Prema
there is mistake in my first msg correction is 40cm=40.0×10^-2m =400.0×10^-3m =400mm. sorry for the mistake friends.
Prema
40cm=40.0×10^-2m =400.0×10^-3m =400mm.
Prema
this msg is out of mistake. sorry friends​.
Prema
what is physics?
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