# 13.5 Phase changes  (Page 2/15)

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Critical temperatures and pressures
Substance Critical temperature Critical pressure
$\text{K}$ $\text{º}\text{C}$ $\text{Pa}$ $\text{atm}$
Water 647.4 374.3 $\text{22}\text{.}\text{12}×{\text{10}}^{6}$ 219.0
Sulfur dioxide 430.7 157.6 $7\text{.}\text{88}×{\text{10}}^{6}$ 78.0
Ammonia 405.5 132.4 $\text{11}\text{.}\text{28}×{\text{10}}^{6}$ 111.7
Carbon dioxide 304.2 31.1 $7\text{.}\text{39}×{\text{10}}^{6}$ 73.2
Oxygen 154.8 −118.4 $5\text{.}\text{08}×{\text{10}}^{6}$ 50.3
Nitrogen 126.2 −146.9 $3\text{.}\text{39}×{\text{10}}^{6}$ 33.6
Hydrogen 33.3 −239.9 $1\text{.}\text{30}×{\text{10}}^{6}$ 12.9
Helium 5.3 −267.9 $0\text{.}\text{229}×{\text{10}}^{6}$ 2.27

## Phase diagrams

The plots of pressure versus temperatures provide considerable insight into thermal properties of substances. There are well-defined regions on these graphs that correspond to various phases of matter, so $\text{PT}$ graphs are called phase diagrams . [link] shows the phase diagram for water. Using the graph, if you know the pressure and temperature you can determine the phase of water. The solid lines—boundaries between phases—indicate temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist (that is, they exist together in ratios, depending on pressure and temperature). For example, the boiling point of water is $\text{100}\text{º}\text{C}$ at 1.00 atm. As the pressure increases, the boiling temperature rises steadily to $\text{374}\text{º}\text{C}$ at a pressure of 218 atm. A pressure cooker (or even a covered pot) will cook food faster because the water can exist as a liquid at temperatures greater than $\text{100}\text{º}\text{C}$ without all boiling away. The curve ends at a point called the critical point , because at higher temperatures the liquid phase does not exist at any pressure. The critical point occurs at the critical temperature, as you can see for water from [link] . The critical temperature for oxygen is $–\text{118}\text{º}\text{C}$ , so oxygen cannot be liquefied above this temperature.

Similarly, the curve between the solid and liquid regions in [link] gives the melting temperature at various pressures. For example, the melting point is $0\text{º}\text{C}$ at 1.00 atm, as expected. Note that, at a fixed temperature, you can change the phase from solid (ice) to liquid (water) by increasing the pressure. Ice melts from pressure in the hands of a snowball maker. From the phase diagram, we can also say that the melting temperature of ice rises with increased pressure. When a car is driven over snow, the increased pressure from the tires melts the snowflakes; afterwards the water refreezes and forms an ice layer.

At sufficiently low pressures there is no liquid phase, but the substance can exist as either gas or solid. For water, there is no liquid phase at pressures below 0.00600 atm. The phase change from solid to gas is called sublimation    . It accounts for large losses of snow pack that never make it into a river, the routine automatic defrosting of a freezer, and the freeze-drying process applied to many foods. Carbon dioxide, on the other hand, sublimates at standard atmospheric pressure of 1 atm. (The solid form of ${\text{CO}}_{2}$ is known as dry ice because it does not melt. Instead, it moves directly from the solid to the gas state.)

Suppose a speck of dust in an electrostatic precipitator has 1.0000×1012 protons in it and has a net charge of –5.00 nC (a very large charge for a small speck). How many electrons does it have?
how would I work this problem
Alexia
how can you have not an integer number of protons? If, on the other hand it supposed to be 1e12, then 1.6e-19C/proton • 1e12 protons=1.6e-7 C is the charge of the protons in the speck, so the difference between this and 5e-9C is made up by electrons
Igor
what is angular velocity
Why does earth exert only a tiny downward pull?
hello
Islam
Why is light bright?
an 8.0 capacitor is connected by to the terminals of 60Hz whoes rms voltage is 150v. a.find the capacity reactance and rms to the circuit
thanks so much. i undersooth well
what is physics
is the study of matter in relation to energy
Kintu
a submersible pump is dropped a borehole and hits the level of water at the bottom of the borehole 5 seconds later.determine the level of water in the borehole
what is power?
power P = Work done per second W/ t. It means the more power, the stronger machine
Sphere
e.g. heart Uses 2 W per beat.
Rohit
A spherica, concave shaving mirror has a radius of curvature of 32 cm .what is the magnification of a persons face. when it is 12cm to the left of the vertex of the mirror
did you solve?
Shii
1.75cm
Ridwan
my name is Abu m.konnek I am a student of a electrical engineer and I want you to help me
Abu
the magnification k = f/(f-d) with focus f = R/2 =16 cm; d =12 cm k = 16/4 =4
Sphere
what do we call velocity
Kings
A weather vane is some sort of directional arrow parallel to the ground that may rotate freely in a horizontal plane. A typical weather vane has a large cross-sectional area perpendicular to the direction the arrow is pointing, like a “One Way” street sign. The purpose of the weather vane is to indicate the direction of the wind. As wind blows pa
hi
Godfred
Godfred
If a prism is fully imersed in water then the ray of light will normally dispersed or their is any difference?
the same behavior thru the prism out or in water bud abbot
Ju
If this will experimented with a hollow(vaccum) prism in water then what will be result ?
Anurag
What was the previous far point of a patient who had laser correction that reduced the power of her eye by 7.00 D, producing a normal distant vision power of 50.0 D for her?
What is the far point of a person whose eyes have a relaxed power of 50.5 D?
Jaydie
What is the far point of a person whose eyes have a relaxed power of 50.5 D?
Jaydie
A young woman with normal distant vision has a 10.0% ability to accommodate (that is, increase) the power of her eyes. What is the closest object she can see clearly?
Jaydie
29/20 ? maybes
Ju
In what ways does physics affect the society both positively or negatively