# 11.2 Magnetic fields and lines  (Page 3/8)

 Page 3 / 8

## Significance

The cross product in this formula results in a third vector that must be perpendicular to the other two. Other physical quantities, such as angular momentum, also have three vectors that are related by the cross product. Note that typical force values in magnetic force problems are much larger than the gravitational force. Therefore, for an isolated charge, the magnetic force is the dominant force governing the charge’s motion.

Check Your Understanding Repeat the previous problem with the magnetic field in the x -direction rather than in the z -direction. Check your answers with RHR-1.

a. 0 N; b. $2.4\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-14}\stackrel{^}{k}\text{N};$ c. $2.4\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-14}\stackrel{^}{j}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{N};$ d. $\left(7.2\stackrel{^}{j}+2.2\stackrel{^}{k}\right)\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-15}\text{N}$

## Representing magnetic fields

The representation of magnetic fields by magnetic field lines    is very useful in visualizing the strength and direction of the magnetic field. As shown in [link] , each of these lines forms a closed loop, even if not shown by the constraints of the space available for the figure. The field lines emerge from the north pole (N), loop around to the south pole (S), and continue through the bar magnet back to the north pole.

Magnetic field lines have several hard-and-fast rules:

1. The direction of the magnetic field is tangent to the field line at any point in space. A small compass will point in the direction of the field line.
2. The strength of the field is proportional to the closeness of the lines. It is exactly proportional to the number of lines per unit area perpendicular to the lines (called the areal density).
3. Magnetic field lines can never cross, meaning that the field is unique at any point in space.
4. Magnetic field lines are continuous, forming closed loops without a beginning or end. They are directed from the north pole to the south pole.

The last property is related to the fact that the north and south poles cannot be separated. It is a distinct difference from electric field lines, which generally begin on positive charges and end on negative charges or at infinity. If isolated magnetic charges (referred to as magnetic monopoles ) existed, then magnetic field lines would begin and end on them.

## Summary

• Charges moving across a magnetic field experience a force determined by $\stackrel{\to }{F}=q\stackrel{\to }{v}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\stackrel{\to }{B}.$ The force is perpendicular to the plane formed by $\stackrel{\to }{v}$ and $\stackrel{\to }{B}.$
• The direction of the force on a moving charge is given by the right hand rule 1 (RHR-1): Sweep your fingers in a velocity, magnetic field plane. Start by pointing them in the direction of velocity and sweep towards the magnetic field. Your thumb points in the direction of the magnetic force for positive charges.
• Magnetic fields can be pictorially represented by magnetic field lines, which have the following properties:
1. The field is tangent to the magnetic field line.
2. Field strength is proportional to the line density.
3. Field lines cannot cross.
4. Field lines form continuous, closed loops.
• Magnetic poles always occur in pairs of north and south—it is not possible to isolate north and south poles.

## Conceptual questions

Discuss the similarities and differences between the electrical force on a charge and the magnetic force on a charge.

Both are field dependent. Electrical force is dependent on charge, whereas magnetic force is dependent on current or rate of charge flow.

(a) Is it possible for the magnetic force on a charge moving in a magnetic field to be zero? (b) Is it possible for the electric force on a charge moving in an electric field to be zero? (c) Is it possible for the resultant of the electric and magnetic forces on a charge moving simultaneously through both fields to be zero?

## Problems

What is the direction of the magnetic force on a positive charge that moves as shown in each of the six cases?

a. left; b. into the page; c. up the page; d. no force; e. right; f. down

Repeat previous exercise for a negative charge.

What is the direction of the velocity of a negative charge that experiences the magnetic force shown in each of the three cases, assuming it moves perpendicular to B ?

a. right; b. into the page; c. down

Repeat previous exercise for a positive charge.

What is the direction of the magnetic field that produces the magnetic force on a positive charge as shown in each of the three cases, assuming $\stackrel{\to }{B}$ is perpendicular to $\stackrel{\to }{v}$ ?

a. into the page; b. left; c. out of the page

Repeat previous exercise for a negative charge.

(a) Aircraft sometimes acquire small static charges. Suppose a supersonic jet has a 0.500-μC charge and flies due west at a speed of 660. m/s over Earth’s south magnetic pole, where the $8.00\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-5}-\text{T}$ magnetic field points straight up. What are the direction and the magnitude of the magnetic force on the plane? (b) Discuss whether the value obtained in part (a) implies this is a significant or negligible effect.

a. $2.64\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-8}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{N};$ b. The force is very small, so this implies that the effect of static charges on airplanes is negligible.

(a) A cosmic ray proton moving toward Earth at $5.00\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{7}\text{m/s}$ experiences a magnetic force of $1.70\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-16}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{N}.$ What is the strength of the magnetic field if there is a 45º angle between it and the proton’s velocity? (b) Is the value obtained in part a. consistent with the known strength of Earth’s magnetic field on its surface? Discuss.

An electron moving at $4.00\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{3}\text{m/s}$ in a 1.25-T magnetic field experiences a magnetic force of $1.40\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-16}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{N}.$ What angle does the velocity of the electron make with the magnetic field? There are two answers.

$10.1\text{°};169.9\text{°}$

(a) A physicist performing a sensitive measurement wants to limit the magnetic force on a moving charge in her equipment to less than $1.00\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-12}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{N}.$ What is the greatest the charge can be if it moves at a maximum speed of 30.0 m/s in Earth’s field? (b) Discuss whether it would be difficult to limit the charge to less than the value found in (a) by comparing it with typical static electricity and noting that static is often absent.

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