Beta decay is caused by the weak force, as are all reactions in which strangeness changes. Does this imply that the weak force can change quark flavor? Explain.
Why is it easier to see the properties of the
c ,
b , and
t quarks in mesons having composition
or
rather than in baryons having a mixture of quarks, such as
udb ?
How can quarks, which are fermions, combine to form bosons? Why must an even number combine to form a boson? Give one example by stating the quark substructure of a boson.
What evidence is cited to support the contention that the gluon force between quarks is greater than the strong nuclear force between hadrons? How is this related to color? Is it also related to quark confinement?
How can the lifetime of a particle indicate that its decay is caused by the strong nuclear force? How can a change in strangeness imply which force is responsible for a reaction? What does a change in quark flavor imply about the force that is responsible?
The sigma-zero particle decays mostly via the reaction
. Explain how this decay and the respective quark compositions imply that the
is an excited state of the
.
(a) Verify from its quark composition that the
particle could be an excited state of the proton.
(b) There is a spread of about 100 MeV in the decay energy of the
, interpreted as uncertainty due to its short lifetime. What is its approximate lifetime?
(c) Does its decay proceed via the strong or weak force?
Accelerators such as the Triangle Universities Meson Facility (TRIUMF) in British Columbia produce secondary beams of pions by having an intense primary proton beam strike a target. Such “meson factories” have been used for many years to study the interaction of pions with nuclei and, hence, the strong nuclear force. One reaction that occurs is
, where the
is a very short-lived particle. The graph in
[link] shows the probability of this reaction as a function of energy. The width of the bump is the uncertainty in energy due to the short lifetime of the
.
(a) Find this lifetime.
(b) Verify from the quark composition of the particles that this reaction annihilates and then re-creates a
d quark and a
antiquark by writing the reaction and decay in terms of quarks.
(c) Draw a Feynman diagram of the production and decay of the
showing the individual quarks involved.
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miss
Every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building, the person begins to jumb back automatically after hearing the flush, before the water temperature changes. Identify the types of learning, if it is classical conditioning identify the NS, UCS, CS and CR. If it is operant conditioning, identify the type of consequence positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement or punishment
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Samuel
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