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Take-home experiment: inhalation

Under the conditions of normal activity, an adult inhales about 1 L of air during each inhalation. With the aid of a watch, determine the time for one of your own inhalations by timing several breaths and dividing the total length by the number of breaths. Calculate the average flow rate Q size 12{Q} {} of air traveling through the trachea during each inhalation.

The topic of chaos has become quite popular over the last few decades. A system is defined to be chaotic when its behavior is so sensitive to some factor that it is extremely difficult to predict. The field of chaos is the study of chaotic behavior. A good example of chaotic behavior is the flow of a fluid with a Reynolds number between 2000 and 3000. Whether or not the flow is turbulent is difficult, but not impossible, to predict—the difficulty lies in the extremely sensitive dependence on factors like roughness and obstructions on the nature of the flow. A tiny variation in one factor has an exaggerated (or nonlinear) effect on the flow. Phenomena as disparate as turbulence, the orbit of Pluto, and the onset of irregular heartbeats are chaotic and can be analyzed with similar techniques.

Section summary

  • The Reynolds number N R size 12{N rSub { size 8{R} } } {} can reveal whether flow is laminar or turbulent. It is
    N R = 2 ρ vr η . size 12{N rSub { size 8{R} } = { {2ρ ital "vr"} over {η} } } {}
  • For N R size 12{N rSub { size 8{R} } } {} below about 2000, flow is laminar. For N R size 12{N rSub { size 8{R} } } {} above about 3000, flow is turbulent. For values of N R size 12{N rSub { size 8{R} } } {} between 2000 and 3000, it may be either or both.

Conceptual questions

Doppler ultrasound can be used to measure the speed of blood in the body. If there is a partial constriction of an artery, where would you expect blood speed to be greatest, at or nearby the constriction? What are the two distinct causes of higher resistance in the constriction?

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Sink drains often have a device such as that shown in [link] to help speed the flow of water. How does this work?

Shows a picture of a small ring shaped section of a cylinder. It is shown to be partitioned in to four equal portions.
You will find devices such as this in many drains. They significantly increase flow rate.
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Some ceiling fans have decorative wicker reeds on their blades. Discuss whether these fans are as quiet and efficient as those with smooth blades.

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Problems&Exercises

Verify that the flow of oil is laminar (barely) for an oil gusher that shoots crude oil 25.0 m into the air through a pipe with a 0.100-m diameter. The vertical pipe is 50 m long. Take the density of the oil to be 900 kg /m 3 size 12{"900"`"kg/m" rSup { size 8{3} } } {} and its viscosity to be 1.00 ( N/m 2 ) s size 12{1 "." "00"` \( "N/m" rSup { size 8{2} } \) cdot s} {} (or 1.00 Pa s ).

N R = 1.99 × 10 2 <2000

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Show that the Reynolds number N R size 12{N rSub { size 8{R} } } {} is unitless by substituting units for all the quantities in its definition and cancelling.

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Calculate the Reynolds numbers for the flow of water through (a) a nozzle with a radius of 0.250 cm and (b) a garden hose with a radius of 0.900 cm, when the nozzle is attached to the hose. The flow rate through hose and nozzle is 0.500 L/s. Can the flow in either possibly be laminar?

(a) nozzle: 1 . 27 × 10 5 size 12{1 "." "27" times "10" rSup { size 8{5} } } {} , not laminar

(b) hose: 3 . 51 × 10 4 size 12{1 "." "27" times "10" rSup { size 8{5} } } {} , not laminar.

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A fire hose has an inside diameter of 6.40 cm. Suppose such a hose carries a flow of 40.0 L/s starting at a gauge pressure of 1 . 62 × 10 6 N/m 2 size 12{1 "." "62" times "10" rSup { size 8{6} } `"N/m" rSup { size 8{2} } } {} . The hose goes 10.0 m up a ladder to a nozzle having an inside diameter of 3.00 cm. Calculate the Reynolds numbers for flow in the fire hose and nozzle to show that the flow in each must be turbulent.

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Concrete is pumped from a cement mixer to the place it is being laid, instead of being carried in wheelbarrows. The flow rate is 200.0 L/min through a 50.0-m-long, 8.00-cm-diameter hose, and the pressure at the pump is 8 . 00 × 10 6 N/m 2 . Verify that the flow of concrete is laminar taking concrete’s viscosity to be 48.0 ( N/ m 2 ) · s , and given its density is 2300 kg/ m 3 .

2.54<<2000, laminar.

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At what flow rate might turbulence begin to develop in a water main with a 0.200-m diameter? Assume a 20º C size 12{"20" rSup { size 12{ circ } } C} {} temperature.

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What is the greatest average speed of blood flow at 37º C in an artery of radius 2.00 mm if the flow is to remain laminar? What is the corresponding flow rate? Take the density of blood to be 1025 kg / m 3 .

1.02 m/s

1.28 × 10 –2 L/s

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In Take-Home Experiment: Inhalation , we measured the average flow rate Q size 12{Q} {} of air traveling through the trachea during each inhalation. Now calculate the average air speed in meters per second through your trachea during each inhalation. The radius of the trachea in adult humans is approximately 10 2 m size 12{"10" rSup { size 8{ - 2} } `m} {} . From the data above, calculate the Reynolds number for the air flow in the trachea during inhalation. Do you expect the air flow to be laminar or turbulent?

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Gasoline is piped underground from refineries to major users. The flow rate is 3 . 00 × 10 –2 m 3 /s size 12{3 "." "00" times "10" rSup { size 8{2} } `m rSup { size 8{3} } "/s"} {} (about 500 gal/min), the viscosity of gasoline is 1.00 × 10 –3 ( N/m 2 ) s size 12{1 "." "00" times "10" rSup { size 8{5} } ` \( "N/m" rSup { size 8{2} } \) cdot s} {} , and its density is 680 kg/m 3 size 12{"680"`"kg/m" rSup { size 8{3} } } {} . (a) What minimum diameter must the pipe have if the Reynolds number is to be less than 2000? (b) What pressure difference must be maintained along each kilometer of the pipe to maintain this flow rate?

(a) ≥ 13.0 m

(b) 2 . 68 × 10 6 N/m 2 size 12{2 "." "68" times "10" rSup { size 8{ - 6} } " N/m" rSup { size 8{2} } } {}

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Assuming that blood is an ideal fluid, calculate the critical flow rate at which turbulence is a certainty in the aorta. Take the diameter of the aorta to be 2.50 cm. (Turbulence will actually occur at lower average flow rates, because blood is not an ideal fluid. Furthermore, since blood flow pulses, turbulence may occur during only the high-velocity part of each heartbeat.)

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Unreasonable Results

A fairly large garden hose has an internal radius of 0.600 cm and a length of 23.0 m. The nozzleless horizontal hose is attached to a faucet, and it delivers 50.0 L/s. (a) What water pressure is supplied by the faucet? (b) What is unreasonable about this pressure? (c) What is unreasonable about the premise? (d) What is the Reynolds number for the given flow? (Take the viscosity of water as 1.005 × 10 –3 ( N / m 2 ) s .)

(a) 23.7 atm or 344 lb/ in 2

(b) The pressure is much too high.

(c) The assumed flow rate is very high for a garden hose.

(d) 5.27 × 10 6 size 12{5 "." "27" times "10" rSup { size 8{6} } } {} >>3000, turbulent, contrary to the assumption of laminar flow when using this equation.

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Questions & Answers

how does Neisseria cause meningitis
Nyibol Reply
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Muhammad
is the branch of biology that deals with the study of microorganisms.
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studies of microbes
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Bacteria doesn't produce energy they are dependent upon their substrate in case of lack of nutrients they are able to make spores which helps them to sustain in harsh environments
_Adnan
But not all bacteria make spores, l mean Eukaryotic cells have Mitochondria which acts as powerhouse for them, since bacteria don't have it, what is the substitution for it?
Muhamad
they make spores
Louisiaste
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Aminu Reply
the significance of food webs for disease transmission
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food webs brings about an infection as an individual depends on number of diseased foods or carriers dully.
Mark
explain assimilatory nitrate reduction
Esinniobiwa Reply
Assimilatory nitrate reduction is a process that occurs in some microorganisms, such as bacteria and archaea, in which nitrate (NO3-) is reduced to nitrite (NO2-), and then further reduced to ammonia (NH3).
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This process is called assimilatory nitrate reduction because the nitrogen that is produced is incorporated in the cells of microorganisms where it can be used in the synthesis of amino acids and other nitrogen products
Elkana
Examples of thermophilic organisms
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Give Examples of thermophilic organisms
Shu
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Prevent foreign microbes to the host
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they provide healthier benefits to their hosts
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They are friends to host only when Host immune system is strong and become enemies when the host immune system is weakened . very bad relationship!
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cell is the smallest unit of life
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cell is the structural and functional unit of life
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is the fundamental units of Life
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There are nothing like emergency disease but there are some common medical emergency which can occur simultaneously like Bleeding,heart attack,Breathing difficulties,severe pain heart stock.Hope you will get my point .Have a nice day ❣️
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I think infection prevention and control is the avoidance of all things we do that gives out break of infections and promotion of health practices that promote life
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Many sites of the body have it Skin Nasal cavity Oral cavity Gastro intestinal tract
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skin
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skin,Oral,Nasal,GIt
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part of a tissue or an organ being wounded or bruised.
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Binomial nomenclature
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Source:  OpenStax, College physics. OpenStax CNX. Jul 27, 2015 Download for free at http://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11406/1.9
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