# 32.1 Medical imaging and diagnostics  (Page 3/9)

 Page 3 / 9

## Phet explorations: simplified mri

Is it a tumor? Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) can tell. Your head is full of tiny radio transmitters (the nuclear spins of the hydrogen nuclei of your water molecules). In an MRI unit, these little radios can be made to broadcast their positions, giving a detailed picture of the inside of your head.

## Section summary

• Radiopharmaceuticals are compounds that are used for medical imaging and therapeutics.
• The process of attaching a radioactive substance is called tagging.
• [link] lists certain diagnostic uses of radiopharmaceuticals including the isotope and activity typically used in diagnostics.
• One common imaging device is the Anger camera, which consists of a lead collimator, radiation detectors, and an analysis computer.
• Tomography performed with $\gamma$ -emitting radiopharmaceuticals is called SPECT and has the advantages of x-ray CT scans coupled with organ- and function-specific drugs.
• PET is a similar technique that uses ${\beta }^{+}$ emitters and detects the two annihilation $\gamma$ rays, which aid to localize the source.

## Conceptual questions

In terms of radiation dose, what is the major difference between medical diagnostic uses of radiation and medical therapeutic uses?

One of the methods used to limit radiation dose to the patient in medical imaging is to employ isotopes with short half-lives. How would this limit the dose?

## Problems&Exercises

A neutron generator uses an $\alpha$ source, such as radium, to bombard beryllium, inducing the reaction ${}^{4}\text{He}+{}^{9}\text{Be}\to {}^{\text{12}}\text{C}+n$ . Such neutron sources are called RaBe sources, or PuBe sources if they use plutonium to get the $\alpha$ s. Calculate the energy output of the reaction in MeV.

5.701 MeV

Neutrons from a source (perhaps the one discussed in the preceding problem) bombard natural molybdenum, which is 24 percent ${}^{\text{98}}\text{Mo}$ . What is the energy output of the reaction ${}^{\text{98}}\text{Mo}+n\to {}^{\text{99}}\text{Mo}+\gamma$ ? The mass of ${}^{\text{98}}\text{Mo}$ is given in Appendix A: Atomic Masses , and that of ${}^{\text{99}}\text{Mo}$ is 98.907711 u.

The purpose of producing ${}^{\text{99}}\text{Mo}$ (usually by neutron activation of natural molybdenum, as in the preceding problem) is to produce ${}^{\text{99m}}\text{Tc.}$ Using the rules, verify that the ${\beta }^{-}$ decay of ${}^{\text{99}}\text{Mo}$ produces ${}^{\text{99m}}\text{Tc}$ . (Most ${}^{\text{99m}}\text{Tc}$ nuclei produced in this decay are left in a metastable excited state denoted ${}^{\text{99m}}\text{Tc}$ .)

${}_{\text{42}}^{\text{99}}{\text{Mo}}_{\text{57}}\to {}_{\text{43}}^{\text{99}}{\text{Tc}}_{\text{56}}+{\beta }^{-}+{\overline{v}}_{e}$

(a) Two annihilation $\gamma$ rays in a PET scan originate at the same point and travel to detectors on either side of the patient. If the point of origin is 9.00 cm closer to one of the detectors, what is the difference in arrival times of the photons? (This could be used to give position information, but the time difference is small enough to make it difficult.)

(b) How accurately would you need to be able to measure arrival time differences to get a position resolution of 1.00 mm?

[link] indicates that 7.50 mCi of ${}^{\text{99m}}\text{Tc}$ is used in a brain scan. What is the mass of technetium?

$1\text{.}\text{43}×{\text{10}}^{-9}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\text{g}$

The activities of ${}^{\text{131}}\text{I}$ and ${}^{\text{123}}\text{I}$ used in thyroid scans are given in [link] to be 50 and $\text{70 μ}Ci$ , respectively. Find and compare the masses of ${}^{\text{131}}\text{I}$ and ${}^{\text{123}}\text{I}$ in such scans, given their respective half-lives are 8.04 d and 13.2 h. The masses are so small that the radioiodine is usually mixed with stable iodine as a carrier to ensure normal chemistry and distribution in the body.

(a) Neutron activation of sodium, which is 100% ${}^{\text{23}}\text{Na}$ , produces ${}^{\text{24}}\text{Na}$ , which is used in some heart scans, as seen in [link] . The equation for the reaction is ${}^{\text{23}}\text{Na}+n\to {}^{\text{24}}\text{Na}+\gamma$ . Find its energy output, given the mass of ${}^{\text{24}}\text{Na}$ is 23.990962 u.

(b) What mass of ${}^{\text{24}}\text{Na}$ produces the needed 5.0-mCi activity, given its half-life is 15.0 h?

(a) 6.958 MeV

(b) $5\text{.}7×{\text{10}}^{-\text{10}}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\text{g}$

the meaning of phrase in physics
is the meaning of phrase in physics
Chovwe
write an expression for a plane progressive wave moving from left to right along x axis and having amplitude 0.02m, frequency of 650Hz and speed if 680ms-¹
how does a model differ from a theory
what is vector quantity
Vector quality have both direction and magnitude, such as Force, displacement, acceleration and etc.
Besmellah
Is the force attractive or repulsive between the hot and neutral lines hung from power poles? Why?
what's electromagnetic induction
electromagnetic induction is a process in which conductor is put in a particular position and magnetic field keeps varying.
Lukman
wow great
Salaudeen
what is mutual induction?
je
mutual induction can be define as the current flowing in one coil that induces a voltage in an adjacent coil.
Johnson
how to undergo polarization
show that a particle moving under the influence of an attractive force mu/y³ towards the axis x. show that if it be projected from the point (0,k) with the component velocities U and V parallel to the axis of x and y, it will not strike the axis of x unless u>v²k² and distance uk²/√u-vk as origin
show that a particle moving under the influence of an attractive force mu/y^3 towards the axis x. show that if it be projected from the point (0,k) with the component velocities U and V parallel to the axis of x and y, it will not strike the axis of x unless u>v^2k^2 and distance uk^2/√u-k as origin
No idea.... Are you even sure this question exist?
Mavis
I can't even understand the question
yes it was an assignment question "^"represent raise to power pls
Gabriel
Gabriel
An engineer builds two simple pendula. Both are suspended from small wires secured to the ceiling of a room. Each pendulum hovers 2 cm above the floor. Pendulum 1 has a bob with a mass of 10kg . Pendulum 2 has a bob with a mass of 100 kg . Describe how the motion of the pendula will differ if the bobs are both displaced by 12º .
no ideas
Augstine
if u at an angle of 12 degrees their period will be same so as their velocity, that means they both move simultaneously since both both hovers at same length meaning they have the same length
Modern cars are made of materials that make them collapsible upon collision. Explain using physics concept (Force and impulse), how these car designs help with the safety of passengers.
calculate the force due to surface tension required to support a column liquid in a capillary tube 5mm. If the capillary tube is dipped into a beaker of water
find the time required for a train Half a Kilometre long to cross a bridge almost kilometre long racing at 100km/h
method of polarization
Ajayi
What is atomic number?
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Deborah
type of thermodynamics
oxygen gas contained in a ccylinder of volume has a temp of 300k and pressure 2.5×10Nm