# 6.1 Rotation angle and angular velocity  (Page 2/9)

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$v=\frac{\text{Δ}s}{\text{Δ}t}\text{.}$

From $\text{Δ}\theta =\frac{\text{Δ}s}{r}$ we see that $\text{Δ}s=r\text{Δ}\theta$ . Substituting this into the expression for $v$ gives

$v=\frac{r\text{Δ}\theta }{\text{Δ}t}=\mathrm{r\omega }\text{.}$

We write this relationship in two different ways and gain two different insights:

The first relationship in states that the linear velocity $v$ is proportional to the distance from the center of rotation, thus, it is largest for a point on the rim (largest $r$ ), as you might expect. We can also call this linear speed $v$ of a point on the rim the tangential speed . The second relationship in can be illustrated by considering the tire of a moving car. Note that the speed of a point on the rim of the tire is the same as the speed $v$ of the car. See [link] . So the faster the car moves, the faster the tire spins—large $v$ means a large $\omega$ , because $v=\mathrm{r\omega }$ . Similarly, a larger-radius tire rotating at the same angular velocity ( $\omega$ ) will produce a greater linear speed ( $v$ ) for the car.

## How fast does a car tire spin?

Calculate the angular velocity of a 0.300 m radius car tire when the car travels at $\text{15}\text{.}0\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\text{m/s}$ (about $\text{54}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\text{km/h}$ ). See [link] .

Strategy

Because the linear speed of the tire rim is the same as the speed of the car, we have $v=\text{15.0 m/s}.$ The radius of the tire is given to be $r=\text{0.300 m}.$ Knowing $v$ and $r$ , we can use the second relationship in to calculate the angular velocity.

Solution

To calculate the angular velocity, we will use the following relationship:

$\omega =\frac{v}{r}\text{.}$

Substituting the knowns,

$\omega =\frac{\text{15}\text{.}0\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\text{m/s}}{0\text{.}\text{300}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\text{m}}=\text{50}\text{.}0\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\text{rad/s.}$

Discussion

When we cancel units in the above calculation, we get 50.0/s. But the angular velocity must have units of rad/s. Because radians are actually unitless (radians are defined as a ratio of distance), we can simply insert them into the answer for the angular velocity. Also note that if an earth mover with much larger tires, say 1.20 m in radius, were moving at the same speed of 15.0 m/s, its tires would rotate more slowly. They would have an angular velocity

$\omega =\left(\text{15}\text{.}0\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\text{m/s}\right)/\left(1\text{.}\text{20}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\text{m}\right)=\text{12}\text{.}5\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\text{rad/s.}$

Both $\omega$ and $v$ have directions (hence they are angular and linear velocities , respectively). Angular velocity has only two directions with respect to the axis of rotation—it is either clockwise or counterclockwise. Linear velocity is tangent to the path, as illustrated in [link] .

## Take-home experiment

Tie an object to the end of a string and swing it around in a horizontal circle above your head (swing at your wrist). Maintain uniform speed as the object swings and measure the angular velocity of the motion. What is the approximate speed of the object? Identify a point close to your hand and take appropriate measurements to calculate the linear speed at this point. Identify other circular motions and measure their angular velocities.

Calculate the work done by an 85.0-kg man who pushes a crate 4.00 m up along a ramp that makes an angle of 20.0º20.0º with the horizontal. (See [link] .) He exerts a force of 500 N on the crate parallel to the ramp and moves at a constant speed. Be certain to include the work he does on the crate an
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