# 12.4 Viscosity and laminar flow; poiseuille’s law  (Page 5/12)

 Page 5 / 12
$Q=\frac{{P}_{2}-{P}_{1}}{R}$

to

${P}_{2}-{P}_{1}=RQ\text{,}$

where, in this case, ${P}_{2}$ is the pressure at the water works and $R$ is the resistance of the water main. During times of heavy use, the flow rate $Q$ is large. This means that ${P}_{2}-{P}_{1}$ must also be large. Thus ${P}_{1}$ must decrease. It is correct to think of flow and resistance as causing the pressure to drop from ${P}_{2}$ to ${P}_{1}$ . ${P}_{2}-{P}_{1}=RQ$ is valid for both laminar and turbulent flows.

We can use ${P}_{2}-{P}_{1}=RQ$ to analyze pressure drops occurring in more complex systems in which the tube radius is not the same everywhere. Resistance will be much greater in narrow places, such as an obstructed coronary artery. For a given flow rate $Q$ , the pressure drop will be greatest where the tube is most narrow. This is how water faucets control flow. Additionally, $R$ is greatly increased by turbulence, and a constriction that creates turbulence greatly reduces the pressure downstream. Plaque in an artery reduces pressure and hence flow, both by its resistance and by the turbulence it creates.

[link] is a schematic of the human circulatory system, showing average blood pressures in its major parts for an adult at rest. Pressure created by the heart’s two pumps, the right and left ventricles, is reduced by the resistance of the blood vessels as the blood flows through them. The left ventricle increases arterial blood pressure that drives the flow of blood through all parts of the body except the lungs. The right ventricle receives the lower pressure blood from two major veins and pumps it through the lungs for gas exchange with atmospheric gases – the disposal of carbon dioxide from the blood and the replenishment of oxygen. Only one major organ is shown schematically, with typical branching of arteries to ever smaller vessels, the smallest of which are the capillaries, and rejoining of small veins into larger ones. Similar branching takes place in a variety of organs in the body, and the circulatory system has considerable flexibility in flow regulation to these organs by the dilation and constriction of the arteries leading to them and the capillaries within them. The sensitivity of flow to tube radius makes this flexibility possible over a large range of flow rates.

Each branching of larger vessels into smaller vessels increases the total cross-sectional area of the tubes through which the blood flows. For example, an artery with a cross section of $1\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\text{cm}}^{2}$ may branch into 20 smaller arteries, each with cross sections of $0.5\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\text{cm}}^{2}$ , with a total of $\text{10}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\text{cm}}^{2}$ . In that manner, the resistance of the branchings is reduced so that pressure is not entirely lost. Moreover, because $Q=A\overline{v}$ and $A$ increases through branching, the average velocity of the blood in the smaller vessels is reduced. The blood velocity in the aorta ( $\text{diameter}=1\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\text{cm}$ ) is about 25 cm/s, while in the capillaries ( $\text{20}\mu \text{m}$ in diameter) the velocity is about 1 mm/s. This reduced velocity allows the blood to exchange substances with the cells in the capillaries and alveoli in particular.

Prove that 1/d+1/v=1/f
What interference
What is a polarized light called?
Moyinoluwa
what is a half life
the time taken for a radioactive element to decay by half of its original mass
ken
mohammed
Half of the total time required by a radioactive nuclear atom to totally disintegrate
Justice
radioactive elements are those with unstable nuclei(ie have protons more than neutrons, or neutrons more than protons
Justice
in other words, the radioactive atom or elements have unequal number of protons to neutrons.
Justice
state the laws of refraction
Fabian
state laws of reflection
Fabian
Why does a bicycle rider bends towards the corner when is turning?
Mac
When do we say that the stone thrown vertically up wards accelerate negatively?
Mac
Give two importance of insulator placed between plates of a capacitor.
Mac
Macho had a shoe with a big sole moving in mudy Road, shanitah had a shoe with a small sole. Give reasons for those two cases.
Mac
when was the name taken from
retardation of a car
Biola
when was the name retardation taken
Biola
did you mean a motion with velocity decreases uniformly by the time? then, the vector acceleration is opposite direction with vector velocity
Sphere
Atomic transmutation
An atom is the smallest indivisible particular of an element
what is an atomic
reference on periodic table
what Is resonance?
phenomena of increasing amplitude from normal position of a substance due to some external source.
akif
What is a black body
Black body is the ideal body can absorb and emit all radiation
Ahmed
the emissivity of black body is 1. it is a perfect absorber and emitter of heat.
Busayo
Why is null measurement accurate than standard voltmeter
that is photoelectric effect ?
It is the emission of electrons when light hits a material
Anita
Yeah
yusuf
is not just a material
Neemat
it is the surface of a metal
Neemat
what is the formula for time of flight ,maxjmum height and range
what is an atom
Awene
an atom is the smallest particle of a element which can take part in chemical reaction.
Israel
how does a lightning rod protect a building from damage due to lightning ?
due to its surface lustre but due to some factors it can corrode but not easily as it lightning surface
babels
pls what is mirage
babels
light rays bend to produce a displaced image of distant objects; it's an natural & optical phenomenon......
Deepika
what is the dimensional formula for torque
L2MT-2
Jolly
same units of energy
Baber
what is same units of energy?
Baber
Nm
Sphere
Ws
Sphere
CV
Sphere
M L2 T -2
Dokku
it is like checking the dimension of force. which is ML2T-2
Busayo
ML2T-2
Joshua
M L2 T-2
Samuel
what is the significance of moment of inertia?
study