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rF = mr 2 α size 12{ ital "rF"= ital "mr" rSup { size 8{2} } α} {}

or

τ = mr 2 α. size 12{τ= ital "mr" rSup { size 8{2} } α.} {}

This last equation is the rotational analog of Newton's second law ( F = ma size 12{F= ital "ma"} {} ), where torque is analogous to force, angular acceleration is analogous to translational acceleration, and mr 2 size 12{ ital "mr" rSup { size 8{2} } } {} is analogous to mass (or inertia). The quantity mr 2 size 12{ ital "mr" rSup { size 8{2} } } {} is called the rotational inertia    or moment of inertia    of a point mass m size 12{m} {} a distance r size 12{r} {} from the center of rotation.

The given figure shows an object of mass m, kept on a horizontal frictionless table, attached to a pivot point, which is in the center of the table, by a cord that supplies centripetal force. A force F is applied to the object perpendicular to the radius r, which is indicated by a red arrow tangential to the circle, causing the object to move in counterclockwise direcion.
An object is supported by a horizontal frictionless table and is attached to a pivot point by a cord that supplies centripetal force. A force F size 12{F} {} is applied to the object perpendicular to the radius r size 12{r} {} , causing it to accelerate about the pivot point. The force is kept perpendicular to r size 12{r} {} .

Making connections: rotational motion dynamics

Dynamics for rotational motion is completely analogous to linear or translational dynamics. Dynamics is concerned with force and mass and their effects on motion. For rotational motion, we will find direct analogs to force and mass that behave just as we would expect from our earlier experiences.

Rotational inertia and moment of inertia

Before we can consider the rotation of anything other than a point mass like the one in [link] , we must extend the idea of rotational inertia to all types of objects. To expand our concept of rotational inertia, we define the moment of inertia     I size 12{I} {} of an object to be the sum of mr 2 size 12{ ital "mr" rSup { size 8{2} } } {} for all the point masses of which it is composed. That is, I = mr 2 size 12{I= Sum {} ital "mr" rSup { size 8{2} } } {} . Here I size 12{I} {} is analogous to m size 12{m} {} in translational motion. Because of the distance r size 12{r} {} , the moment of inertia for any object depends on the chosen axis. Actually, calculating I size 12{I} {} is beyond the scope of this text except for one simple case—that of a hoop, which has all its mass at the same distance from its axis. A hoop's moment of inertia around its axis is therefore MR 2 size 12{ ital "MR" rSup { size 8{2} } } {} , where M size 12{M} {} is its total mass and R size 12{R} {} its radius. (We use M size 12{M} {} and R size 12{R} {} for an entire object to distinguish them from m size 12{m} {} and r size 12{r} {} for point masses.) In all other cases, we must consult [link] (note that the table is piece of artwork that has shapes as well as formulae) for formulas for I size 12{I} {} that have been derived from integration over the continuous body. Note that I size 12{I} {} has units of mass multiplied by distance squared ( kg m 2 size 12{"kg" cdot "m" rSup { size 8{2} } } {} ), as we might expect from its definition.

The general relationship among torque, moment of inertia, and angular acceleration is

net τ = size 12{τ=Iα} {}

or

α = net τ I , size 12{α= { { ital "net"τ} over {I} } ","} {}

where net τ size 12{τ} {} is the total torque from all forces relative to a chosen axis. For simplicity, we will only consider torques exerted by forces in the plane of the rotation. Such torques are either positive or negative and add like ordinary numbers. The relationship in τ = α = net τ I size 12{τ=Iα,`````α= { { ital "net"τ} over {I} } } {} is the rotational analog to Newton's second law and is very generally applicable. This equation is actually valid for any torque, applied to any object, relative to any axis.

As we might expect, the larger the torque is, the larger the angular acceleration is. For example, the harder a child pushes on a merry-go-round, the faster it accelerates. Furthermore, the more massive a merry-go-round, the slower it accelerates for the same torque. The basic relationship between moment of inertia and angular acceleration is that the larger the moment of inertia, the smaller is the angular acceleration. But there is an additional twist. The moment of inertia depends not only on the mass of an object, but also on its distribution of mass relative to the axis around which it rotates. For example, it will be much easier to accelerate a merry-go-round full of children if they stand close to its axis than if they all stand at the outer edge. The mass is the same in both cases; but the moment of inertia is much larger when the children are at the edge.

Practice Key Terms 3

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Source:  OpenStax, College physics for ap® courses. OpenStax CNX. Nov 04, 2016 Download for free at https://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11844/1.14
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