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Phet explorations: quantum tunneling and wave packets

Watch quantum "particles" tunnel through barriers. Explore the properties of the wave functions that describe these particles.

Quantum Tunneling and Wave Packets

Section summary

  • Tunneling is a quantum mechanical process of potential energy barrier penetration. The concept was first applied to explain α size 12{α} {} decay, but tunneling is found to occur in other quantum mechanical systems.

Conceptual questions

A physics student caught breaking conservation laws is imprisoned. She leans against the cell wall hoping to tunnel out quantum mechanically. Explain why her chances are negligible. (This is so in any classical situation.)

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When a nucleus α decays, does the α particle move continuously from inside the nucleus to outside? That is, does it travel each point along an imaginary line from inside to out? Explain.

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Problems-exercises

Derive an approximate relationship between the energy of α decay and half-life using the following data. It may be useful to graph the log of t 1/2 against E α to find some straight-line relationship.

Energy and half-life for α size 12{α} {} Decay
Nuclide E α (MeV) t 1/2
216 Ra 9.5 0.18 μs
194 Po 7.0 0.7 s
240 Cm 6.4 27 d
226 Ra 4.91 1600 y
232 Th 4.1 1.4 × 10 10 y
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Integrated Concepts

A 2.00-T magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the path of charged particles in a bubble chamber. What is the radius of curvature of the path of a 10 MeV proton in this field? Neglect any slowing along its path.

22.8 cm

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(a) Write the decay equation for the α decay of 235 U . (b) What energy is released in this decay? The mass of the daughter nuclide is 231.036298 u. (c) Assuming the residual nucleus is formed in its ground state, how much energy goes to the α particle?

(a) 92 235 U 143 90 231 Th 141 + 2 4 He 2

(b) 4.679 MeV

(c) 4.599 MeV

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Unreasonable Results

The relatively scarce naturally occurring calcium isotope 48 Ca has a half-life of about 2 × 10 16 y . (a) A small sample of this isotope is labeled as having an activity of 1.0 Ci. What is the mass of the 48 Ca in the sample? (b) What is unreasonable about this result? (c) What assumption is responsible?

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Unreasonable Results

A physicist scatters γ rays from a substance and sees evidence of a nucleus 7.5 × 10 –13 m in radius. (a) Find the atomic mass of such a nucleus. (b) What is unreasonable about this result? (c) What is unreasonable about the assumption?

a) 2.4 × 10 8 u

(b) The greatest known atomic masses are about 260. This result found in (a) is extremely large.

(c) The assumed radius is much too large to be reasonable.

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Unreasonable Results

A frazzled theoretical physicist reckons that all conservation laws are obeyed in the decay of a proton into a neutron, positron, and neutrino (as in β + decay of a nucleus) and sends a paper to a journal to announce the reaction as a possible end of the universe due to the spontaneous decay of protons. (a) What energy is released in this decay? (b) What is unreasonable about this result? (c) What assumption is responsible?

(a) –1.805 MeV

(b) Negative energy implies energy input is necessary and the reaction cannot be spontaneous.

(c) Although all conversation laws are obeyed, energy must be supplied, so the assumption of spontaneous decay is incorrect.

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Construct Your Own Problem

Consider the decay of radioactive substances in the Earth’s interior. The energy emitted is converted to thermal energy that reaches the earth’s surface and is radiated away into cold dark space. Construct a problem in which you estimate the activity in a cubic meter of earth rock? And then calculate the power generated. Calculate how much power must cross each square meter of the Earth’s surface if the power is dissipated at the same rate as it is generated. Among the things to consider are the activity per cubic meter, the energy per decay, and the size of the Earth.

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Questions & Answers

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is the branch of biology that deals with the study of microorganisms.
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studies of microbes
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Bacteria doesn't produce energy they are dependent upon their substrate in case of lack of nutrients they are able to make spores which helps them to sustain in harsh environments
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Muhamad
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food webs brings about an infection as an individual depends on number of diseased foods or carriers dully.
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Assimilatory nitrate reduction is a process that occurs in some microorganisms, such as bacteria and archaea, in which nitrate (NO3-) is reduced to nitrite (NO2-), and then further reduced to ammonia (NH3).
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Prevent foreign microbes to the host
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They are friends to host only when Host immune system is strong and become enemies when the host immune system is weakened . very bad relationship!
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is the fundamental units of Life
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Binomial nomenclature
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Source:  OpenStax, College physics for ap® courses. OpenStax CNX. Nov 04, 2016 Download for free at https://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11844/1.14
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