# 3.2 Vector addition and subtraction: graphical methods  (Page 3/15)

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Here, we see that when the same vectors are added in a different order, the result is the same. This characteristic is true in every case and is an important characteristic of vectors. Vector addition is commutative    . Vectors can be added in any order.

$\mathbf{\text{A}}+\mathbf{\text{B}}=\mathbf{\text{B}}+\mathbf{\text{A}}\text{.}$

(This is true for the addition of ordinary numbers as well—you get the same result whether you add $\mathbf{\text{2}}+\mathbf{\text{3}}$ or $\mathbf{\text{3}}+\mathbf{\text{2}}$ , for example).

## Vector subtraction

Vector subtraction is a straightforward extension of vector addition. To define subtraction (say we want to subtract $\mathbf{\text{B}}$ from $\mathbf{\text{A}}$ , written $\mathbf{\text{A}}–\mathbf{\text{B}}$ , we must first define what we mean by subtraction. The negative of a vector $\mathbf{\text{B}}$ is defined to be $\mathbf{\text{–B}}$ ; that is, graphically the negative of any vector has the same magnitude but the opposite direction , as shown in [link] . In other words, $\mathbf{\text{B}}$ has the same length as $\mathbf{\text{–B}}$ , but points in the opposite direction. Essentially, we just flip the vector so it points in the opposite direction.

The subtraction of vector $\mathbf{\text{B}}$ from vector $\mathbf{\text{A}}$ is then simply defined to be the addition of $\mathbf{\text{–B}}$ to $\mathbf{\text{A}}$ . Note that vector subtraction is the addition of a negative vector. The order of subtraction does not affect the results.

This is analogous to the subtraction of scalars (where, for example, ). Again, the result is independent of the order in which the subtraction is made. When vectors are subtracted graphically, the techniques outlined above are used, as the following example illustrates.

## Subtracting vectors graphically: a woman sailing a boat

A woman sailing a boat at night is following directions to a dock. The instructions read to first sail 27.5 m in a direction $\text{66.0º}$ north of east from her current location, and then travel 30.0 m in a direction $\text{112º}$ north of east (or $\text{22.0º}$ west of north). If the woman makes a mistake and travels in the opposite direction for the second leg of the trip, where will she end up? Compare this location with the location of the dock.

Strategy

We can represent the first leg of the trip with a vector $\mathbf{\text{A}}$ , and the second leg of the trip with a vector $\mathbf{\text{B}}$ . The dock is located at a location $\mathbf{\text{A}}+\mathbf{\text{B}}$ . If the woman mistakenly travels in the opposite direction for the second leg of the journey, she will travel a distance $B$ (30.0 m) in the direction $180º–112º=68º$ south of east. We represent this as $\mathbf{\text{–B}}$ , as shown below. The vector $\mathbf{\text{–B}}$ has the same magnitude as $\mathbf{\text{B}}$ but is in the opposite direction. Thus, she will end up at a location $\mathbf{\text{A}}+\left(\mathbf{\text{–B}}\right)$ , or $\mathbf{\text{A}}–\mathbf{\text{B}}$ .

We will perform vector addition to compare the location of the dock, , with the location at which the woman mistakenly arrives, .

Solution

(1) To determine the location at which the woman arrives by accident, draw vectors $\mathbf{\text{A}}$ and $\mathbf{\text{–B}}$ .

(2) Place the vectors head to tail.

(3) Draw the resultant vector $\mathbf{R}$ .

(4) Use a ruler and protractor to measure the magnitude and direction of $\mathbf{R}$ .

In this case, $R=\text{23}\text{.}\text{0 m}$ and $\theta =7\text{.}\text{5º}$ south of east.

(5) To determine the location of the dock, we repeat this method to add vectors $\mathbf{\text{A}}$ and $\mathbf{\text{B}}$ . We obtain the resultant vector $\mathbf{\text{R}}\text{'}$ :

In this case and  north of east.

We can see that the woman will end up a significant distance from the dock if she travels in the opposite direction for the second leg of the trip.

Discussion

Because subtraction of a vector is the same as addition of a vector with the opposite direction, the graphical method of subtracting vectors works the same as for addition.

Calculate the work done by an 85.0-kg man who pushes a crate 4.00 m up along a ramp that makes an angle of 20.0º20.0º with the horizontal. (See [link] .) He exerts a force of 500 N on the crate parallel to the ramp and moves at a constant speed. Be certain to include the work he does on the crate an
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