# Symbols and their meanings

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This module defines symbols used throughout the Collaborative Statistics textbook.
Symbols and their meanings
Chapter (1st used) Symbol Spoken Meaning
Sampling and Data $\sqrt{}$ The square root of same
Sampling and Data $\pi$ Pi 3.14159… (a specific number)
Descriptive Statistics $\mathrm{Q1}$ Quartile one the first quartile
Descriptive Statistics $\mathrm{Q2}$ Quartile two the second quartile
Descriptive Statistics $\mathrm{Q3}$ Quartile three the third quartile
Descriptive Statistics $\mathrm{IQR}$ inter-quartile range Q3-Q1=IQR
Descriptive Statistics $\overline{x}$ x-bar sample mean
Descriptive Statistics $\mu$ mu population mean
Descriptive Statistics $s$ ${s}_{x}$ $\mathrm{sx}$ s sample standard deviation
Descriptive Statistics ${s}^{2}$ ${s}_{x}^{2}$ s-squared sample variance
Descriptive Statistics $\sigma$ ${\sigma }_{x}$ $\mathrm{\sigma x}$ sigma population standard deviation
Descriptive Statistics ${\sigma }^{2}$ ${\sigma }_{x}^{2}$ sigma-squared population variance
Descriptive Statistics $\Sigma$ capital sigma sum
Probability Topics $\left\{\right\}$ brackets set notation
Probability Topics $S$ S sample space
Probability Topics $A$ Event A event A
Probability Topics $P\left(A\right)$ probability of A probability of A occurring
Probability Topics $P\left(A\mid B\right)$ probability of A given B prob. of A occurring given B has occurred
Probability Topics $P\left(A\mathrm{or}B\right)$ prob. of A or B prob. of A or B or both occurring
Probability Topics $P\left(A\mathrm{and}B\right)$ prob. of A and B prob. of both A and B occurring (same time)
Probability Topics $\mathrm{A\text{'}}$ A-prime, complement of A complement of A, not A
Probability Topics $P\left(\mathrm{A\text{'}}\right)$ prob. of complement of A same
Probability Topics ${G}_{1}$ green on first pick same
Probability Topics $P\left({G}_{1}\right)$ prob. of green on first pick same
Discrete Random Variables $\mathrm{PDF}$ prob. distribution function same
Discrete Random Variables $X$ X the random variable X
Discrete Random Variables $\mathrm{X~}$ the distribution of X same
Discrete Random Variables $B$ binomial distribution same
Discrete Random Variables $G$ geometric distribution same
Discrete Random Variables $H$ hypergeometric dist. same
Discrete Random Variables $P$ Poisson dist. same
Discrete Random Variables $\lambda$ Lambda average of Poisson distribution
Discrete Random Variables $\ge$ greater than or equal to same
Discrete Random Variables $\le$ less than or equal to same
Discrete Random Variables $=$ equal to same
Discrete Random Variables $\ne$ not equal to same
Continuous Random Variables $f\left(x\right)$ f of x function of x
Continuous Random Variables $\mathrm{pdf}$ prob. density function same
Continuous Random Variables $U$ uniform distribution same
Continuous Random Variables $\mathrm{Exp}$ exponential distribution same
Continuous Random Variables $k$ k critical value
Continuous Random Variables $f\left(x\right)=$ f of x equals same
Continuous Random Variables $m$ m decay rate (for exp. dist.)
The Normal Distribution $N$ normal distribution same
The Normal Distribution $z$ z-score same
The Normal Distribution $Z$ standard normal dist. same
The Central Limit Theorem $\text{CLT}$ Central Limit Theorem same
The Central Limit Theorem $\overline{X}$ X-bar the random variable X-bar
The Central Limit Theorem ${\mu }_{x}$ mean of X the average of X
The Central Limit Theorem ${\mu }_{\overline{x}}$ mean of X-bar the average of X-bar
The Central Limit Theorem ${\sigma }_{x}$ standard deviation of X same
The Central Limit Theorem ${\sigma }_{\overline{x}}$ standard deviation of X-bar same
The Central Limit Theorem $\Sigma X$ sum of X same
The Central Limit Theorem $\Sigma x$ sum of x same
Confidence Intervals $\text{CL}$ confidence level same
Confidence Intervals $\text{CI}$ confidence interval same
Confidence Intervals $\text{EBM}$ error bound for a mean same
Confidence Intervals $\text{EBP}$ error bound for a proportion same
Confidence Intervals $t$ student-t distribution same
Confidence Intervals $\text{df}$ degrees of freedom same
Confidence Intervals ${t}_{\frac{\alpha }{2}}$ student-t with a/2 area in right tail same
Confidence Intervals $\mathrm{p\text{'}}$ $\stackrel{^}{p}$ p-prime; p-hat sample proportion of success
Confidence Intervals $\mathrm{q\text{'}}$ $\stackrel{^}{q}$ q-prime; q-hat sample proportion of failure
Hypothesis Testing ${H}_{0}$ H-naught, H-sub 0 null hypothesis
Hypothesis Testing ${H}_{a}$ H-a, H-sub a alternate hypothesis
Hypothesis Testing ${H}_{1}$ H-1, H-sub 1 alternate hypothesis
Hypothesis Testing $\alpha$ alpha probability of Type I error
Hypothesis Testing $\beta$ beta probability of Type II error
Hypothesis Testing $\overline{\mathrm{X1}}-\overline{\mathrm{X2}}$ X1-bar minus X2-bar difference in sample means
${\mu }_{1}-{\mu }_{2}$ mu-1 minus mu-2 difference in population means
$P{\text{'}}_{1}-P{\text{'}}_{2}$ P1-prime minus P2-prime difference in sample proportions
${p}_{1}-{p}_{2}$ p1 minus p2 difference in population proportions
Chi-Square Distribution ${Χ}^{2}$ Ky-square Chi-square
$O$ Observed Observed frequency
$E$ Expected Expected frequency
Linear Regression and Correlation $y=a+\mathrm{bx}$ y equals a plus b-x equation of a line
$\stackrel{^}{y}$ y-hat estimated value of y
$r$ correlation coefficient same
$\epsilon$ error same
$\mathrm{SSE}$ Sum of Squared Errors same
$1.9s$ 1.9 times s cut-off value for outliers
F-Distribution and ANOVA $F$ F-ratio F ratio

Application of nanotechnology in medicine
what is variations in raman spectra for nanomaterials
I only see partial conversation and what's the question here!
what about nanotechnology for water purification
please someone correct me if I'm wrong but I think one can use nanoparticles, specially silver nanoparticles for water treatment.
Damian
yes that's correct
Professor
I think
Professor
what is the stm
is there industrial application of fullrenes. What is the method to prepare fullrene on large scale.?
Rafiq
industrial application...? mmm I think on the medical side as drug carrier, but you should go deeper on your research, I may be wrong
Damian
How we are making nano material?
what is a peer
What is meant by 'nano scale'?
What is STMs full form?
LITNING
scanning tunneling microscope
Sahil
how nano science is used for hydrophobicity
Santosh
Do u think that Graphene and Fullrene fiber can be used to make Air Plane body structure the lightest and strongest. Rafiq
Rafiq
what is differents between GO and RGO?
Mahi
what is simplest way to understand the applications of nano robots used to detect the cancer affected cell of human body.? How this robot is carried to required site of body cell.? what will be the carrier material and how can be detected that correct delivery of drug is done Rafiq
Rafiq
if virus is killing to make ARTIFICIAL DNA OF GRAPHENE FOR KILLED THE VIRUS .THIS IS OUR ASSUMPTION
Anam
analytical skills graphene is prepared to kill any type viruses .
Anam
what is Nano technology ?
write examples of Nano molecule?
Bob
The nanotechnology is as new science, to scale nanometric
brayan
nanotechnology is the study, desing, synthesis, manipulation and application of materials and functional systems through control of matter at nanoscale
Damian
Is there any normative that regulates the use of silver nanoparticles?
what king of growth are you checking .?
Renato
What fields keep nano created devices from performing or assimulating ? Magnetic fields ? Are do they assimilate ?
why we need to study biomolecules, molecular biology in nanotechnology?
?
Kyle
yes I'm doing my masters in nanotechnology, we are being studying all these domains as well..
why?
what school?
Kyle
biomolecules are e building blocks of every organics and inorganic materials.
Joe
anyone know any internet site where one can find nanotechnology papers?
research.net
kanaga
sciencedirect big data base
Ernesto
Introduction about quantum dots in nanotechnology
hi
Loga
what does nano mean?
nano basically means 10^(-9). nanometer is a unit to measure length.
Bharti
how did you get the value of 2000N.What calculations are needed to arrive at it
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