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0.7 Standard thermodynamic properties for selected substances

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Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances
Substance Δ H f ° (kJ mol – ) Δ G f ° (kJ mol –1 ) S 298 ° (J K –1 mol –1 )
aluminum
Al( s ) 0 0 28.3
Al( g ) 324.4 285.7 164.54
Al 3+ ( aq ) –531 –485 –321.7
Al 2 O 3 ( s ) –1676 –1582 50.92
AlF 3 ( s ) –1510.4 –1425 66.5
AlCl 3 ( s ) –704.2 –628.8 110.67
AlCl 3 ·6H 2 O( s ) –2691.57 –2269.40 376.56
Al 2 S 3 ( s ) –724.0 –492.4 116.9
Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ( s ) –3445.06 –3506.61 239.32
antimony
Sb( s ) 0 0 45.69
Sb( g ) 262.34 222.17 180.16
Sb 4 O 6 ( s ) –1440.55 –1268.17 220.92
SbCl 3 ( g ) –313.8 –301.2 337.80
SbCl 5 ( g ) –394.34 –334.29 401.94
Sb 2 S 3 (s) –174.89 –173.64 182.00
SbCl 3 (s) –382.17 –323.72 184.10
SbOCl(s) –374.0 — —
arsenic
As( s ) 0 0 35.1
As( g ) 302.5 261.0 174.21
As 4 ( g ) 143.9 92.4 314
As 4 O 6 ( s ) –1313.94 –1152.52 214.22
As 2 O 5 ( s ) –924.87 –782.41 105.44
AsCl 3 ( g ) –261.50 –248.95 327.06
As 2 S 3 ( s ) –169.03 –168.62 163.59
AsH 3 ( g ) 66.44 68.93 222.78
H 3 AsO 4 ( s ) –906.3 — —
barium
Ba( s ) 0 0 62.5
Ba( g ) 180 146 170.24
Ba 2+ ( aq ) –537.6 –560.8 9.6
BaO( s ) –548.0 –520.3 72.1
BaCl 2 ( s ) –855.0 –806.7 123.7
BaSO 4 ( s ) –1473.2 –1362.3 132.2
beryllium
Be( s ) 0 0 9.50
Be( g ) 324.3 286.6 136.27
BeO( s ) –609.4 –580.1 13.8
bismuth
Bi( s ) 0 0 56.74
Bi( g ) 207.1 168.2 187.00
Bi 2 O 3 ( s ) –573.88 –493.7 151.5
BiCl 3 ( s ) –379.07 –315.06 176.98
Bi 2 S 3 ( s ) –143.1 –140.6 200.4
boron
B( s ) 0 0 5.86
B( g ) 565.0 521.0 153.4
B 2 O 3 ( s ) –1273.5 –1194.3 53.97
B 2 H 6 ( g ) 36.4 87.6 232.1
H 3 BO 3 ( s ) –1094.33 –968.92 88.83
BF 3 ( g ) –1136.0 –1119.4 254.4
BCl 3 ( g ) –403.8 –388.7 290.1
B 3 N 3 H 6 ( l ) –540.99 –392.79 199.58
HBO 2 ( s ) –794.25 –723.41 37.66
bromine
Br 2 ( l ) 0 0 152.23
Br 2 ( g ) 30.91 3.142 245.5
Br( g ) 111.88 82.429 175.0
Br – ( aq ) –120.9 –102.82 80.71
BrF 3 ( g ) –255.60 –229.45 292.42
HBr( g ) –36.3 –53.43 198.7
cadmium
Cd( s ) 0 0 51.76
Cd( g ) 112.01 77.41 167.75
Cd 2+ ( aq ) –75.90 –77.61 –73.2
CdO( s ) –258.2 –228.4 54.8
CdCl 2 ( s ) –391.5 –343.9 115.3
CdSO 4 ( s ) –933.3 –822.7 123.0
CdS( s ) –161.9 –156.5 64.9
calcium
Ca( s ) 0 0 41.6
Ca( g ) 178.2 144.3 154.88
Ca 2+ ( aq ) –542.96 –553.04 –55.2
CaO( s ) –634.9 –603.3 38.1
Ca(OH) 2 ( s ) –985.2 –897.5 83.4
CaSO 4 (s) –1434.5 –1322.0 106.5
CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O( s ) –2022.63 –1797.45 194.14
CaCO 3 ( s ) (calcite) –1220.0 –1081.4 110.0
CaSO 3 ·H 2 O( s ) –1752.68 –1555.19 184.10
carbon
C( s ) (graphite) 0 0 5.740
C( s ) (diamond) 1.89 2.90 2.38
C( g ) 716.681 671.2 158.1
CO( g ) –110.52 –137.15 197.7
CO 2 ( g ) –393.51 –394.36 213.8
CO 3 2– ( aq ) –677.1 –527.8 –56.9
CH 4 ( g ) –74.6 –50.5 186.3
CH 3 OH( l ) –239.2 –166.6 126.8
CH 3 OH( g ) –201.0 –162.3 239.9
CCl 4 ( l ) –128.2 –62.5 214.4
CCl 4 ( g ) –95.7 –58.2 309.7
CHCl 3 ( l ) –134.1 –73.7 201.7
CHCl 3 ( g ) –103.14 –70.34 295.71
CS 2 ( l ) 89.70 65.27 151.34
CS 2 ( g ) 116.9 66.8 238.0
C 2 H 2 ( g ) 227.4 209.2 200.9
C 2 H 4 ( g ) 52.4 68.4 219.3
C 2 H 6 ( g ) –84.0 –32.0 229.2
CH 3 CO 2 H( l ) –484.3 –389.9 159.8
CH 3 CO 2 H( g ) –434.84 –376.69 282.50
C 2 H 5 OH( l ) –277.6 –174.8 160.7
C 2 H 5 OH( g ) –234.8 –167.9 281.6
HCO 3 – ( aq ) –691.11 –587.06 95
C 3 H 8 ( g ) –103.8 –23.4 270.3
C 6 H 6 ( g ) 82.927 129.66 269.2
C 6 H 6 ( l ) 49.1 124.50 173.4
CH 2 Cl 2 ( l ) –124.2 –63.2 177.8
CH 2 Cl 2 ( g ) –95.4 –65.90 270.2
CH 3 Cl( g ) –81.9 –60.2 234.6
C 2 H 5 Cl( l ) –136.52 –59.31 190.79
C 2 H 5 Cl( g ) –112.17 –60.39 276.00
C 2 N 2 ( g ) 308.98 297.36 241.90
HCN( l ) 108.9 125.0 112.8
HCN( g ) 135.5 124.7 201.8
cesium
Cs + ( aq ) –248 –282.0 133
chlorine
Cl 2 ( g ) 0 0 223.1
Cl( g ) 121.3 105.70 165.2
Cl – ( aq ) –167.2 –131.2 56.5
ClF( g ) –54.48 –55.94 217.78
ClF 3 ( g ) –158.99 –118.83 281.50
Cl 2 O( g ) 80.3 97.9 266.2
Cl 2 O 7 ( l ) 238.1 — —
Cl 2 O 7 ( g ) 272.0 — —
HCl( g ) –92.307 –95.299 186.9
HClO 4 ( l ) –40.58 — —
chromium
Cr( s ) 0 0 23.77
Cr( g ) 396.6 351.8 174.50
CrO 4 2– ( aq ) –881.2 –727.8 50.21
Cr 2 O 7 2– ( aq ) –1490.3 –1301.1 261.9
Cr 2 O 3 ( s ) –1139.7 –1058.1 81.2
CrO 3 ( s ) –589.5 — —
(NH 4 ) 2 Cr 2 O 7 ( s ) –1806.7 — —
cobalt
Co( s ) 0 0 30.0
Co 2+ ( aq ) –67.4 –51.5 –155
Co 3+ ( aq ) 92 134 –305.0
CoO( s ) –237.9 –214.2 52.97
Co 3 O 4 ( s ) –910.02 –794.98 114.22
Co(NO 3 ) 2 ( s ) –420.5 — —
copper
Cu( s ) 0 0 33.15
Cu( g ) 338.32 298.58 166.38
Cu + ( aq ) 51.9 50.2 –26
Cu 2+ ( aq ) 64.77 65.49 –99.6
CuO( s ) –157.3 –129.7 42.63
Cu 2 O( s ) –168.6 –146.0 93.14
CuS( s ) –53.1 –53.6 66.5
Cu 2 S( s ) –79.5 –86.2 120.9
CuSO 4 ( s ) –771.36 –662.2 109.2
Cu(NO 3 ) 2 ( s ) –302.9 — —
fluorine
F 2 ( g ) 0 0 202.8
F( g ) 79.4 62.3 158.8
F – ( aq ) –332.6 –278.8 –13.8
F 2 O( g ) 24.7 41.9 247.43
HF( g ) –273.3 –275.4 173.8
hydrogen
H 2 ( g ) 0 0 130.7
H( g ) 217.97 203.26 114.7
H + ( aq ) 0 0 0
OH – ( aq ) –230.0 –157.2 –10.75
H 3 O + ( aq ) –285.8 69.91
H 2 O( l ) –285.83 –237.1 70.0
H 2 O( g ) –241.82 –228.59 188.8
H 2 O 2 ( l ) –187.78 –120.35 109.6
H 2 O 2 ( g ) –136.3 –105.6 232.7
HF( g ) –273.3 –275.4 173.8
HCl( g ) –92.307 –95.299 186.9
HBr( g ) –36.3 –53.43 198.7
HI( g ) 26.48 1.70 206.59
H 2 S( g ) –20.6 –33.4 205.8
H 2 Se( g) 29.7 15.9 219.0
iodine
I 2 ( s ) 0 0 116.14
I 2 ( g ) 62.438 19.3 260.7
I( g ) 106.84 70.2 180.8
I – ( aq ) –55.19 –51.57 11.13
IF( g ) 95.65 –118.49 236.06
ICl( g ) 17.78 –5.44 247.44
IBr( g ) 40.84 3.72 258.66
IF 7 ( g ) –943.91 –818.39 346.44
HI( g ) 26.48 1.70 206.59
iron
Fe( s ) 0 0 27.3
Fe( g ) 416.3 370.7 180.5
Fe 2+ ( aq ) –89.1 –78.90 –137.7
Fe 3+ ( aq ) –48.5 –4.7 –315.9
Fe 2 O 3 ( s ) –824.2 –742.2 87.40
Fe 3 O 4 ( s ) –1118.4 –1015.4 146.4
Fe(CO) 5 ( l ) –774.04 –705.42 338.07
Fe(CO) 5 ( g ) –733.87 –697.26 445.18
FeCl 2 ( s ) –341.79 –302.30 117.95
FeCl 3 ( s ) –399.49 –334.00 142.3
FeO( s ) –272.0 –255.2 60.75
Fe(OH) 2 ( s ) –569.0 –486.5 88.
Fe(OH) 3 ( s) –823.0 –696.5 106.7
FeS( s ) –100.0 –100.4 60.29
Fe 3 C( s ) 25.10 20.08 104.60
lead
Pb( s ) 0 0 64.81
Pb( g ) 195.2 162. 175.4
Pb 2+ ( aq ) –1.7 –24.43 10.5
PbO( s ) (yellow) –217.32 –187.89 68.70
PbO( s ) (red) –218.99 –188.93 66.5
Pb(OH) 2 ( s ) –515.9 — —
PbS( s ) –100.4 –98.7 91.2
Pb(NO 3 ) 2 ( s ) –451.9 — —
PbO 2 ( s ) –277.4 –217.3 68.6
PbCl 2 ( s ) –359.4 –314.1 136.0
lithium
Li( s ) 0 0 29.1
Li( g ) 159.3 126.6 138.8
Li + ( aq ) –278.5 –293.3 13.4
LiH( s ) –90.5 –68.3 20.0
Li(OH)( s ) –487.5 –441.5 42.8
LiF( s ) –616.0 –587.5 35.7
Li 2 CO 3 ( s ) –1216.04 –1132.19 90.17
magnesium
Mg 2+ ( aq ) –466.9 –454.8 –138.1
manganese
Mn( s ) 0 0 32.0
Mn( g ) 280.7 238.5 173.7
Mn 2+ ( aq ) –220.8 –228.1 –73.6
MnO( s ) –385.2 –362.9 59.71
MnO 2 ( s ) –520.03 –465.1 53.05
Mn 2 O 3 ( s ) –958.97 –881.15 110.46
Mn 3 O 4 ( s ) –1378.83 –1283.23 155.64
MnO 4 – ( aq ) –541.4 –447.2 191.2
MnO 4 2– ( aq ) –653.0 –500.7 59
mercury
Hg( l ) 0 0 75.9
Hg( g ) 61.4 31.8 175.0
Hg 2+ ( aq ) 164.8
Hg 2+ ( aq ) 172.4 153.9 84.5
HgO( s ) (red) –90.83 –58.5 70.29
HgO( s ) (yellow) –90.46 –58.43 71.13
HgCl 2 ( s ) –224.3 –178.6 146.0
Hg 2 Cl 2 ( s ) –265.4 –210.7 191.6
HgS( s ) (red) –58.16 –50.6 82.4
HgS( s ) (black) –53.56 –47.70 88.28
HgSO 4 ( s) –707.51 –594.13 0.00
nickel
Ni 2+ ( aq ) –64.0 –46.4 –159
nitrogen
N 2 ( g ) 0 0 191.6
N( g ) 472.704 455.5 153.3
NO( g ) 90.25 87.6 210.8
NO 2 ( g ) 33.2 51.30 240.1
N 2 O( g ) 81.6 103.7 220.0
N 2 O 3 ( g ) 83.72 139.41 312.17
NO 3 – ( aq ) –205.0 –108.7 146.4
N 2 O 4 ( g ) 11.1 99.8 304.4
N 2 O 5 ( g ) 11.3 115.1 355.7
NH 3 ( g ) –45.9 –16.5 192.8
NH 4 + ( aq ) –132.5 –79.31 113.4
N 2 H 4 ( l ) 50.63 149.43 121.21
N 2 H 4 ( g ) 95.4 159.4 238.5
NH 4 NO 3 ( s ) –365.56 –183.87 151.08
NH 4 Cl( s ) –314.43 –202.87 94.6
NH 4 Br( s) –270.8 –175.2 113.0
NH 4 I( s ) –201.4 –112.5 117.0
NH 4 NO 2 ( s ) –256.5 — —
HNO 3 ( l ) –174.1 –80.7 155.6
HNO 3 ( g ) –133.9 –73.5 266.9
oxygen
O 2 ( g ) 0 0 205.2
O( g ) 249.17 231.7 161.1
O 3 ( g ) 142.7 163.2 238.9
phosphorus
P 4 ( s ) 0 0 164.4
P 4 ( g ) 58.91 24.4 280.0
P( g ) 314.64 278.25 163.19
PH 3 ( g ) 5.4 13.5 210.2
PCl 3 ( g ) –287.0 –267.8 311.78
PCl 5 ( g ) –374.9 –305.0 364.4
P 4 O 6 ( s ) –1640.1 — —
P 4 O 10 ( s ) –2984.0 –2697.0 228.86
PO 4 3– ( aq ) –1277 –1019 –222
HPO 3 ( s ) –948.5 — —
HPO 4 2– ( aq ) –1292.1 –1089.3 –33
H 2 PO 4 2– ( aq ) –1296.3 –1130.4 90.4
H 3 PO 2 ( s ) –604.6 — —
H 3 PO 3 ( s ) –964.4 — —
H 3 PO 4 ( s ) –1279.0 –1119.1 110.50
H 3 PO 4 (l ) –1266.9 –1124.3 110.5
H 4 P 2 O 7 ( s ) –2241.0 — —
POCl 3 ( l ) –597.1 –520.8 222.5
POCl 3 ( g ) –558.5 –512.9 325.5
potassium
K( s ) 0 0 64.7
K( g ) 89.0 60.5 160.3
K + ( aq ) –252.4 –283.3 102.5
KF( s ) –576.27 –537.75 66.57
KCl( s ) –436.5 –408.5 82.6
rubidium
Rb + ( aq ) –246 –282.2 124
silicon
Si( s ) 0 0 18.8
Si( g) 450.0 405.5 168.0
SiO 2 ( s ) –910.7 –856.3 41.5
SiH 4 ( g ) 34.3 56.9 204.6
H 2 SiO 3 ( s ) –1188.67 –1092.44 133.89
H 4 SiO 4 ( s ) –1481.14 –1333.02 192.46
SiF 4 ( g ) –1615.0 –1572.8 282.8
SiCl 4 ( l ) –687.0 –619.8 239.7
SiCl 4 ( g ) –662.75 –622.58 330.62
SiC( s, beta cubic ) –73.22 –70.71 16.61
SiC( s, alpha hexagonal ) –71.55 –69.04 16.48
silver
Ag( s ) 0 0 42.55
Ag( g ) 284.9 246.0 172.89
Ag + ( aq ) 105.6 77.11 72.68
Ag 2 O( s ) –31.05 –11.20 121.3
AgCl( s ) –127.0 –109.8 96.3
Ag 2 S( s ) –32.6 –40.7 144.0
sodium
Na( s ) 0 0 51.3
Na( g ) 107.5 77.0 153.7
Na + ( aq ) –240.1 –261.9 59
Na 2 O( s ) –414.2 –375.5 75.1
NaCl( s ) –411.2 –384.1 72.1
strontium
Sr 2+ ( aq ) –545.8 –557.3 –32.6
sulfur
S 8 ( s ) (rhombic) 0 0 256.8
S( g ) 278.81 238.25 167.82
S 2– ( aq ) 41.8 83.7 22
SO 2 ( g ) –296.83 –300.1 248.2
SO 3 ( g ) –395.72 –371.06 256.76
SO 4 2– ( aq ) –909.3 –744.5 20.1
S 2 O 3 2– ( aq ) –648.5 –522.5 67
H 2 S( g ) –20.6 –33.4 205.8
HS – ( aq ) –17.7 12.6 61.1
H 2 SO 4 ( l ) –813.989 690.00 156.90
HSO 4 2– ( aq ) –885.75 –752.87 126.9
H 2 S 2 O 7 ( s ) –1273.6 — —
SF 4 ( g ) –728.43 –684.84 291.12
SF 6 ( g ) –1220.5 –1116.5 291.5
SCl 2 ( l ) –50 — —
SCl 2 ( g) –19.7 — —
S 2 Cl 2 ( l ) –59.4 — —
S 2 Cl 2 ( g ) –19.50 –29.25 319.45
SOCl 2 ( g ) –212.55 –198.32 309.66
SOCl 2 ( l ) –245.6 — —
SO 2 Cl 2 ( l ) –394.1 — —
SO 2 Cl 2 (g) –354.80 –310.45 311.83
tin
Sn( s ) 0 0 51.2
Sn( g ) 301.2 266.2 168.5
SnO( s ) –285.8 –256.9 56.5
SnO 2 ( s ) –577.6 –515.8 49.0
SnCl 4 ( l ) –511.3 –440.1 258.6
SnCl 4 ( g ) –471.5 –432.2 365.8
titanium
Ti( s ) 0 0 30.7
Ti( g ) 473.0 428.4 180.3
TiO 2 ( s ) –944.0 –888.8 50.6
TiCl 4 ( l ) –804.2 –737.2 252.4
TiCl 4 ( g ) –763.2 –726.3 353.2
tungsten
W( s ) 0 0 32.6
W( g ) 849.4 807.1 174.0
WO 3 ( s ) –842.9 –764.0 75.9
zinc
Zn( s ) 0 0 41.6
Zn( g ) 130.73 95.14 160.98
Zn 2+ ( aq ) –153.9 –147.1 –112.1
ZnO( s ) –350.5 –320.5 43.7
ZnCl 2 ( s ) –415.1 –369.43 111.5
ZnS( s ) –206.0 –201.3 57.7
ZnSO 4 ( s ) –982.8 –871.5 110.5
ZnCO 3 ( s ) –812.78 –731.57 82.42
complexes
[Co(NH 3 ) 4 (NO 2 ) 2 ]NO 3 , cis –898.7 — —
[Co(NH 3 ) 4 (NO 2 ) 2 ]NO 3 , trans –896.2 — —
NH 4 [Co(NH 3 ) 2 (NO 2 ) 4 ] –837.6 — —
[Co(NH 3 ) 6 ][Co(NH 3 ) 2 (NO 2 ) 4 ] 3 –2733.0 — —
[Co(NH 3 ) 4 Cl 2 ]Cl, cis –874.9 — —
[Co(NH 3 ) 4 Cl 2 ]Cl, trans –877.4 — —
[Co(en) 2 (NO 2 ) 2 ]NO 3 , cis –689.5 — —
[Co(en) 2 Cl 2 ]Cl, cis –681.2 — —
[Co(en) 2 Cl 2 ]Cl, trans –677.4 — —
[Co(en) 3 ](ClO 4 ) 3 –762.7 — —
[Co(en) 3 ]Br 2 –595.8 — —
[Co(en) 3 ]I 2 –475.3 — —
[Co(en) 3 ]I 3 –519.2 — —
[Co(NH 3 ) 6 ](ClO 4 ) 3 –1034.7 –221.1 615
[Co(NH 3 ) 5 NO 2 ](NO 3 ) 2 –1088.7 –412.9 331
[Co(NH 3 ) 6 ](NO 3 ) 3 –1282.0 –524.5 448
[Co(NH 3 ) 5 Cl]Cl 2 –1017.1 –582.5 366.1
[Pt(NH 3 ) 4 ]Cl 2 –725.5 — —
[Ni(NH 3 ) 6 ]Cl 2 –994.1 — —
[Ni(NH 3 ) 6 ]Br 2 –923.8 — —
[Ni(NH 3 ) 6 ]I 2 –808.3 — —

Questions & Answers

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HOW CAN MAN ORGAN FUNCTION
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is organisms that are similar into groups called tara
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A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is ideal for situations requiring high-resolution imaging of surfaces. It is commonly used in materials science, biology, and geology to examine the topography and composition of samples at a nanoscale level. SEM is particularly useful for studying fine details,
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Source:  OpenStax, Chemistry. OpenStax CNX. May 20, 2015 Download for free at http://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11760/1.9
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