# Fixed point arithmetic  (Page 4/4)

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(Q format addition, subtraction): Perform the additions $01001101+11100100$ , and $01111001+10001011$ when the binary numbers are Q-7 format. Also compute $01001101-11100100$ and $10001011-00110111$ . In which cases, do you have overflow?

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## Multiplication

Multiplication of two 2's complement numbers is a bit complicated because of the sign bit. Similar to themultiplication of two decimal fractional numbers, the result of multiplying twoQ- $N$ numbers is Q- $2N$ , meaning that we have $2N$ binary digits following the implied binary digit. However, depending on the numbers multiplied, theresult can have either 1 or 2 binary digits before the binary point. We call the digit right before the binarypoint the sign bit and the one proceeding the sign bit (if any) the extended sign bit .

The following is the two examples of binary fractional multiplications:

0.110 0.75 Q-3 X 1.110 -0.25 Q-3-------------------------- 00000110 01101010 -------------------------------1110100 -0.1875 Q-6

Above, all partial products are computed and represented in Q-6 format for summation. For example, 0.110*0.010 =0.01100 in Q-6 for the second partial product. For the 4th partial product, caremust be taken because in 0.110*1.000 , 1.000 represents $-1$ , so the product is -0.110 = 1.01000 (in Q-6 format) that is 2's complement of 0.11000 . As noticed in this example, it is important to represent eachpartial product in Q-6 (or in general Q- $2N$ ) format before adding them together. Another example makes this point clearer:

1.110 -0.25 Q-3 X 0.110 0.75 Q-3------------------------- 0000111110 111100000 -----------------------------11110100 -0.1875 Q-6

For the second partial product, we need 1.110*0.010 in Q-6 format. This is obtained as 1111100 in Q-6 (check!). A simple way to obtain it is to first perform themultiplication in normal fashion as 1110*0010 = 11100 ignoring the binary points, then perform sign extension by putting enough 1s (if the result is negative) or 0s (if the result isnonnegative), then put the binary point to obtain a Q-6 number. Also notice that we need to remove the extra signbit to obtain the final result.

In C62x, if we multiply two Q-15 numbers using one of multiply instruction (for example MPY ), we obtain 32 bit result in Q-30 format with 2 sign bits. To obtain the result back inQ-15 format, (i) first we remove 15 trailing bits and (ii) remove the extended sign bit.

(Q format multiplication): Perform the multiplications 01001101*11100100 , and 01111001*10001011 when the binary numbers are Q-7 format.

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## Assembly language implementation

When A0 and A1 contain two 16-bit numbers in the Q-15 format, we can perform the multiplications using MPY followed by a right shift.

1 MPY .M1 A0,A1,A2 2 NOP3 SHR .S1 A2,15,A2 ;lower 16 bit contains result 4 ;in Q-15 format

Rather than throwing away the 15 LSBs of the multiplication result by shifting, you can round up the result by adding 0x4000 before shifting.

1 MPY .M1 A0,A1,A2 2 NOP3 ADDK .S1 4000h,A6 4 SHR .S1 A2,15,A2 ;lower 16 bit contains result5 ;in Q-15 format

## C language implementation

Let's suppose we have two 16-bit numbers in Q-15 format, stored in variable x and y as follows:

short x = 0x0011; /* 0.000518799 in decimal */ short y = 0xfe12; /* -0.015075684 in decimal */short z; /* variable to store x*y */

The product of x and y can be computed and stored in Q-15 format as follows:

z = (x * y) >> 15;

The result of x*y is a 32-bit word with 2 sign bits. Right shifting it by 15 bits ignores the last15 bits, and storing the shifted result in z that is a short variable (16 bit) removes the extended sign bit by taking only lower 16 bits.

where we get a research paper on Nano chemistry....?
nanopartical of organic/inorganic / physical chemistry , pdf / thesis / review
Ali
what are the products of Nano chemistry?
There are lots of products of nano chemistry... Like nano coatings.....carbon fiber.. And lots of others..
learn
Even nanotechnology is pretty much all about chemistry... Its the chemistry on quantum or atomic level
learn
da
no nanotechnology is also a part of physics and maths it requires angle formulas and some pressure regarding concepts
Bhagvanji
hey
Giriraj
Preparation and Applications of Nanomaterial for Drug Delivery
revolt
da
Application of nanotechnology in medicine
what is variations in raman spectra for nanomaterials
ya I also want to know the raman spectra
Bhagvanji
I only see partial conversation and what's the question here!
what about nanotechnology for water purification
please someone correct me if I'm wrong but I think one can use nanoparticles, specially silver nanoparticles for water treatment.
Damian
yes that's correct
Professor
I think
Professor
Nasa has use it in the 60's, copper as water purification in the moon travel.
Alexandre
nanocopper obvius
Alexandre
what is the stm
is there industrial application of fullrenes. What is the method to prepare fullrene on large scale.?
Rafiq
industrial application...? mmm I think on the medical side as drug carrier, but you should go deeper on your research, I may be wrong
Damian
How we are making nano material?
what is a peer
What is meant by 'nano scale'?
What is STMs full form?
LITNING
scanning tunneling microscope
Sahil
how nano science is used for hydrophobicity
Santosh
Do u think that Graphene and Fullrene fiber can be used to make Air Plane body structure the lightest and strongest. Rafiq
Rafiq
what is differents between GO and RGO?
Mahi
what is simplest way to understand the applications of nano robots used to detect the cancer affected cell of human body.? How this robot is carried to required site of body cell.? what will be the carrier material and how can be detected that correct delivery of drug is done Rafiq
Rafiq
if virus is killing to make ARTIFICIAL DNA OF GRAPHENE FOR KILLED THE VIRUS .THIS IS OUR ASSUMPTION
Anam
analytical skills graphene is prepared to kill any type viruses .
Anam
Any one who tell me about Preparation and application of Nanomaterial for drug Delivery
Hafiz
what is Nano technology ?
write examples of Nano molecule?
Bob
The nanotechnology is as new science, to scale nanometric
brayan
nanotechnology is the study, desing, synthesis, manipulation and application of materials and functional systems through control of matter at nanoscale
Damian
Is there any normative that regulates the use of silver nanoparticles?
what king of growth are you checking .?
Renato
What fields keep nano created devices from performing or assimulating ? Magnetic fields ? Are do they assimilate ?
why we need to study biomolecules, molecular biology in nanotechnology?
?
Kyle
yes I'm doing my masters in nanotechnology, we are being studying all these domains as well..
why?
what school?
Kyle
biomolecules are e building blocks of every organics and inorganic materials.
Joe
where are the solutions?
where are the solutions?