In signal processing, a filter removes unwanted parts of the signal, such as random noise, or extracts the useful parts of the signal, such as the components lying within a certain frequency range.
In signal processing, there are many instances in which an input signal to a system contains extra unnecessary content or additional noise which can degrade the quality of the desired portion. In such cases we may remove or filter out the useless samples. For example, in the case of the telephone system, there is no reason to transmit very high frequencies since most speech falls within the band of 400 to 3,400 Hz. Therefore, in this case, all frequencies above and below that band are filtered out. The frequency band between 400 and 3,400 Hz, which isn’t filtered out, is known as the passband, and the frequency band that is blocked out is known as the stopband.
FIR, Finite Impulse Response, filters are one of the primary types of filters used in Digital Signal Processing. FIR filters are said to be finite because they do not have any feedback. Therefore, if you send an impulse through the system (a single spike) then the output will invariably become zero as soon as the impulse runs through the filter.
How to characterize digital fir filters
There are a few terms used to describe the behavior and performance of FIR filter including the following:
Filter Coefficients - The set of constants, also called tap weights, used to multiply against delayed sample values. For an FIR filter, the filter coefficients are, by definition, the impulse response of the filter.
Impulse Response – A filter’s time domain output sequence when the input is an impulse. An impulse is a single unity-valued sample followed and preceded by zero-valued samples. For an FIR filter the impulse response of a FIR filter is the set of filter coefficients.
Tap – The number of FIR taps, typically N, tells us a couple things about the filter. Most importantly it tells us the amount of memory needed, the number of calculations required, and the amount of"filtering"that it can do. Basically, the more taps in a filter results in better stopband attenuation (less of the part we want filtered out), less rippling (less variations in the passband), and steeper rolloff (a shorter transition between the passband and the stopband).
Multiply-Accumulate (MAC) – In the context of FIR Filters, a"MAC"is the operation of multiplying a coefficient by the corresponding delayed data sample and accumulating the result. There is usually one MAC per tap.
General types of filter
There are a couple different basic filter responses. Each will have a unique frequency response based on its cut-off frequency, the number of taps used, its roll off, and amount of ripple. The various attributes describing a filter may be seen in the following diagram:
This figure demonstrates an FIR low pass filter with 40 taps. Reducing the number of taps used in the filter will reduce the number of calculations to process in the signal, however, the quality of the filtering will suffer. Rippling will become more sever, the rolloff will be less steep, and the passband will be less accurate. This may be seen in the following diagram where fewer number of taps were used.
Using only 11 taps has degraded the filter from figure 1. All filters may be categorized by the section of the frequency spectrum that they alter. The following figures depict some of the basic types of digital filters:
High pass filters remove low frequency content.Bandpass filters allow a section in the middle of the spectrum to remain.Stopband filters remove a section in the middle of the spectum.
Questions & Answers
differentiate between demand and supply
giving examples
In economics, a perfect market refers to a theoretical construct where all participants have perfect information, goods are homogenous, there are no barriers to entry or exit, and prices are determined solely by supply and demand. It's an idealized model used for analysis,
When MP₁ becomes negative, TP start to decline.
Extuples Suppose that the short-run production function of certain cut-flower firm is given by: Q=4KL-0.6K2 - 0.112 •
Where is quantity of cut flower produced, I is labour input and K is fixed capital input (K-5). Determine the average product of lab
Kelo
Extuples Suppose that the short-run production function of certain cut-flower firm is given by: Q=4KL-0.6K2 - 0.112 •
Where is quantity of cut flower produced, I is labour input and K is fixed capital input (K-5). Determine the average product of labour (APL) and marginal product of labour (MPL)
Quantity demanded refers to the specific amount of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to purchase at a give price and within a specific time period. Demand, on the other hand, is a broader concept that encompasses the entire relationship between price and quantity demanded
Ezea
ok
Shukri
how do you save a country economic situation when it's falling apart
Economic growth as an increase in the production and consumption of goods and services within an economy.but
Economic development as a broader concept that encompasses not only economic growth but also social & human well being.
Shukri
production function means
Jabir
What do you think is more important to focus on when considering inequality ?
sir...I just want to ask one question... Define the term contract curve? if you are free please help me to find this answer 🙏
Asui
it is a curve that we get after connecting the pareto optimal combinations of two consumers after their mutually beneficial trade offs
Awais
thank you so much 👍 sir
Asui
In economics, the contract curve refers to the set of points in an Edgeworth box diagram where both parties involved in a trade cannot be made better off without making one of them worse off. It represents the Pareto efficient allocations of goods between two individuals or entities, where neither p
Cornelius
In economics, the contract curve refers to the set of points in an Edgeworth box diagram where both parties involved in a trade cannot be made better off without making one of them worse off. It represents the Pareto efficient allocations of goods between two individuals or entities,
Cornelius
Suppose a consumer consuming two commodities X and Y has
The following utility function u=X0.4 Y0.6. If the price of the X and Y are 2 and 3 respectively and income Constraint is birr 50.
A,Calculate quantities of x and y which maximize utility.
B,Calculate value of Lagrange multiplier.
C,Calculate quantities of X and Y consumed with a given price.
D,alculate optimum level of output .
the market for lemon has 10 potential consumers, each having an individual demand curve p=101-10Qi, where p is price in dollar's per cup and Qi is the number of cups demanded per week by the i th consumer.Find the market demand curve using algebra. Draw an individual demand curve and the market dema
suppose the production function is given by ( L, K)=L¼K¾.assuming capital is fixed find APL and MPL. consider the following short run production function:Q=6L²-0.4L³ a) find the value of L that maximizes output b)find the value of L that maximizes marginal product
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Source:
OpenStax, Microcontroller and embedded systems laboratory. OpenStax CNX. Feb 11, 2006 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col10215/1.29
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