# Digital receiver: symbol-timing recovery for qpsk

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The goal of symbol-timing recovery is to sample message signals at the receiver for best performance. After the in-phase and quadrature signals pass through a matched filter, a delay-locked loop attempts to find the peaks in the output waveforms.

## Introduction

This receiver exercise introduces the primary components of a QPSK receiver with specific focus on symbol-timing recovery.In a receiver, the received signal is first coherently demodulated and low-pass filtered (see Digital Receivers: Carrier Recovery for QPSK ) to recover the message signals (in-phase and quadrature channels). The next step for the receiver is tosample the message signals at the symbol rate and decide which symbols were sent. Although the symbol rate is typicallyknown to the receiver, the receiver does not know when to sample the signal for the best noise performance. Theobjective of the symbol-timing recovery loop is to find the best time to sample the received signal.

illustrates the digital receiver system. The transmitted signal coherently demodulated with both a sineand cosine, then low-pass filtered to remove the double-frequency terms, yielding the recovered in-phase andquadrature signals, $\stackrel{}{{s}_{I}}(n)$ and $\stackrel{}{{s}_{Q}}(n)$ . These operations are explained in Digital Receivers: Carrier Recovery for QPSK . The remaining operations are explained in this module. Both branches are fed through a matched filter and re-sampled at the symbol rate. The matched filter is simply an FIR filter with an impulse responsematched to the transmitted pulse. It aids in timing recovery and helps suppress the effects of noise.

If we consider the square wave shown in as a potential recovered in-phase (or quadrature) signal ( i.e. , we sent the data 

+1 -1 +1 -1
) then sampling at any point other than the symbol transitions will result in the correct data.

However, in the presence of noise, the received waveform may look like that shown in . In this case, sampling at any point other than the symboltransitions does not guarantee a correct data decision. By averaging over the symbol duration we can obtain a betterestimate of the true data bit being sent ( $+1$ or $-1$ ). The best averaging filter is the matched filter, which has the impulse response $u(n)-u(n-{T}_{\mathrm{symb}})$ , where $u(n)$ is the unit step function, for the simple rectangular pulse shape used in Digital Transmitter: Introduction to Quadrature Phase-ShiftKeying .

For digital communications schemes involving different pulse shapes, theform of the matched filter will be different. Refer to the listed references for more information on symbol timing andmatched filters for different symbol waveforms.
and show the result of passing both the clean and noisy signal through the matchedfilter.

Note that in both cases the output of the matched filter has peaks where the matched filter exactly lines up with thesymbol, and a positive peak indicates a $+1$ was sent; likewise, a negative peak indicates a $-1$ was sent. Although there is still some noise in second figure, the peaks are relatively easy to distinguishand yield considerably more accurate estimation of the data ( $+1$ or $-1$ ) than we could get by sampling the original noisy signal in .

where we get a research paper on Nano chemistry....?
nanopartical of organic/inorganic / physical chemistry , pdf / thesis / review
Ali
what are the products of Nano chemistry?
There are lots of products of nano chemistry... Like nano coatings.....carbon fiber.. And lots of others..
learn
Even nanotechnology is pretty much all about chemistry... Its the chemistry on quantum or atomic level
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da
no nanotechnology is also a part of physics and maths it requires angle formulas and some pressure regarding concepts
Bhagvanji
hey
Giriraj
Preparation and Applications of Nanomaterial for Drug Delivery
revolt
da
Application of nanotechnology in medicine
what is variations in raman spectra for nanomaterials
I only see partial conversation and what's the question here!
what about nanotechnology for water purification
please someone correct me if I'm wrong but I think one can use nanoparticles, specially silver nanoparticles for water treatment.
Damian
yes that's correct
Professor
I think
Professor
Nasa has use it in the 60's, copper as water purification in the moon travel.
Alexandre
nanocopper obvius
Alexandre
what is the stm
is there industrial application of fullrenes. What is the method to prepare fullrene on large scale.?
Rafiq
industrial application...? mmm I think on the medical side as drug carrier, but you should go deeper on your research, I may be wrong
Damian
How we are making nano material?
what is a peer
What is meant by 'nano scale'?
What is STMs full form?
LITNING
scanning tunneling microscope
Sahil
how nano science is used for hydrophobicity
Santosh
Do u think that Graphene and Fullrene fiber can be used to make Air Plane body structure the lightest and strongest. Rafiq
Rafiq
what is differents between GO and RGO?
Mahi
what is simplest way to understand the applications of nano robots used to detect the cancer affected cell of human body.? How this robot is carried to required site of body cell.? what will be the carrier material and how can be detected that correct delivery of drug is done Rafiq
Rafiq
if virus is killing to make ARTIFICIAL DNA OF GRAPHENE FOR KILLED THE VIRUS .THIS IS OUR ASSUMPTION
Anam
analytical skills graphene is prepared to kill any type viruses .
Anam
Any one who tell me about Preparation and application of Nanomaterial for drug Delivery
Hafiz
what is Nano technology ?
write examples of Nano molecule?
Bob
The nanotechnology is as new science, to scale nanometric
brayan
nanotechnology is the study, desing, synthesis, manipulation and application of materials and functional systems through control of matter at nanoscale
Damian
Is there any normative that regulates the use of silver nanoparticles?
what king of growth are you checking .?
Renato
What fields keep nano created devices from performing or assimulating ? Magnetic fields ? Are do they assimilate ?
why we need to study biomolecules, molecular biology in nanotechnology?
?
Kyle
yes I'm doing my masters in nanotechnology, we are being studying all these domains as well..
why?
what school?
Kyle
biomolecules are e building blocks of every organics and inorganic materials.
Joe
how did you get the value of 2000N.What calculations are needed to arrive at it
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